非暴力伦理学

“非暴力伦理学”这个词组使人觉得象是同语反复,而且常常使人产生疑问:“难道会有非暴力伦理学么?”实际上,从道德(即规范理想)意义上加以考察的伦理学,就定义讲是与非暴力一致的。而且也没有任何一种其他的文化形式(包括世界宗教),其特点与非暴力观点有如此密切的联系;在谈到愉悦伦理学时,那么它可能是与内省愉悦伦理学是对立的;当谈到善良意志伦理学时,则通常表示它有别于结果的伦理学。在这些场合和其他类似的场合,一个定义只突出道德的某个特征并赋予其以本质意义。非暴力伦理学具有另一种逻辑地位,因为具有善的内容规定性的非暴力,可以被看作是伦理学本身的同义语。但是,除了这种一般的涵义和认识方面的丰富涵义外,非暴力伦理学这一概念还有其与今天的道     

“物质”概念

我刊近期就“物质”概念展开的讨论揭示了比以前更加丰富多彩的关于物质的内容和定义的观点(参见《关于“物质”概念的定义》,载《哲学科学》1989年第12期;1990年第2期)。看来,应当承认,哲学家们在这个问题上的见解大相胫庭是合情合理的。思想上的停滞状态(一潭死水)反而是不正常的。什么是“第一性的”:是物质还是世界观?这个问题同样值得注意。物质概念并不给人先验东西,个人的世界观并不是从它开始形成的,而且远不是在每一个个人的世界观中都有这个概念。但是,如果已经有了,那么它首先表现为独立认识世界的结果。这就是说,在个人     

组织决策的影响力分布特征及中英比较

本研究深入分析了组织内部各层次及外部机构对 1 8项决策的影响力。结果指出 :①我国企业存在着四种高层管理与中层管理的决策分工协作模型 ,即高层主导决策、中层自主决策、共同决策及层次决策模型 ,这说明我国企业中层管理的作用得到了加强 ,他们对决策的影响高于英国企业。②中国企业中 ,工人和基层管理的影响力普遍较小 ,尤其是在短期决策上 ,他们的影响力显著地小于英国企业。③中、英两国企业工会的影响力都很小 ,没有显著差别。但是从阻止力上分析 ,英国企业工会的作用显著地大于中国企业。这说明阻止力是一种独特的影响决策的方式 ,需要进一步的研究。     

Assessment and choice: an operant simulation of foraging in patches

Pigeons were presented with an operant simulation of two prey patches using concurrent random-ratio schedules of reinforcement. An unstable patch offered a higher initial reinforcement probability, which then declined unpredictably to a zero reinforcement probability in each session. A stable patch offered a low but unvarying reinforcement probability. When the reinforcement probability declined to zero in a single step, the birds displayed shorter giving-up times in the unstable patch when the ratio between the initial reinforcement probabilities in the unstable and stable patches was greater and when the combined magnitude of the reinforcement probabilities in the two patches was greater. When the unstable patch declined in two steps, the birds behaved as if their giving-up times were influenced heavily by events encountered during the most recent step of the double-step change. This effect was observed, however, only when the reinforcement probability in that step was .04, not when it was .06. All of these data agree with the predictions of a capture-probability model based on a comparison of the estimated probability of receiving a reinforcer in the current patch with that in alternative patches.     

政治生态学的含义

“政治生态学”这个词近年来人们已经不再陌生了,但这并未能显示出它有什么十分明晰和确定的含义。显然它被用来强调政治学或政治与生态学之间的某种联系,尽管导致这种联系的做法很有问题。在此文中我认为,“政治生态学”作为一个名称是很适用于某些实在的关系,包括那些虽然不彻底但已经被理解的政治经济学中的关系。     

Neuronal assemblies: necessity, signature and detectability

The ease with which highly developed brains can generate representations of a virtually unlimited diversity of perceptual objects indicates that they have developed very efficient mechanisms to analyse and represent relations among incoming signals. Here, we propose that two complementary strategies are applied to cope with these combinatorial problems. First, elementary relations are represented by the tuned responses of individual neurons that acquire their specific response properties (feature selectivity) through appropriate convergence of input connections in hierarchically structured feed-forward architectures. Second, complex relations that cannot be represented economically by the responses of individual neurons are represented by assemblies of cells that are generated by dynamic association of individual, featureselective cells. The signature identifying the responses of an assembly as components of a coherent code is thought to be the synchronicity of the respective discharges. The compatibility of this hypothesis is examined in the context of recent data on the dynamics of synchronization phenomena, the dependence of synchronization on central states and the relations between the synchronization behaviour of neurons and perception.     

A dutch adaptation of the child-rearing styles inventory and a validation of krohne's two-process model

Abstract A Questionnaire for the Parent-Child Interaction (VOKI) has been developed by adapting Krohne's German ESI for the Flemish high school population. The psychometric characteristics of the adaptation are satisfying. The ESI factor structure has been replicated and the VOKI scales are perfectly comparable to the original German scales. Further research on the VOKI and two questionnaires assessing achievement related concepts such as test anxiety, procrastination and achievement motivation yielded correlational patterns partly predicted from Krohne's Two-Process Model. The relations between parental child-rearing styles and competence and consequence expectancies are in line with this model, whereas test anxiety and procrastination seem more complexly determined.     

书的死亡 写作兴起——苏格拉底从不动笔(尼采语)

无论人们对这一标题持何种看法,语言问题从来不是一个简单的问题.目前,就意向、方法、意识形态而论,语言从未象现在这样渗透到最不同的领域,最不同种类话语的世界边缘域.“语言”一词本身在贬值.在人们对语言的把握中,这一切背叛了松懈的词,背离这种廉价诱惑的欲望,或向先锋意识这一方法消极地投降,换句话说,向无知投降,这一切是“语言”贬值效果的证明.“语言”这一符号的膨胀也是符号本身的膨胀,绝对的膨胀,膨胀本身.然而,就语言的某一方面或某一影子而论,语言本身仍旧是符号;这场危机也是一个征兆.语言表明:就语言自身而论,形而上学历史时代好象应该最终确定语言是其问题边缘域的全部.它应该这么做,这不仅因为它期盼的所有愿望是从语言游戏中解脱出来,这种愿望却发现自己重新落入这场游戏之网,而且因为,出于某种原因,语言本身在其生命中受到威胁,无依无靠,随处飘零,不再知道有界线限制.当语言的界线似乎消失之时,当语言不再由似乎超越于自身的无限所指来自我确信、包含和保证时,语言就被带回到它自己的量度.     

In search of common foundations for cortical computation

It is worthwhile to search for forms of coding, processing, and learning common to various cortical regions and cognitive functions. Local cortical processors may coordinate their activity by maximizing the transmission of information coherently related to the context in which it occurs, thus forming synchronized population codes. This coordination involves contextual field (CF) connections that link processors within and between cortical regions. The effects of CF connections are distinguished from those mediating receptive field (RF) input; it is shown how CFs can guide both learning and processing without becoming confused with the transmission of RF information. Simulations explore the capabilities of networks built from local processors with both RF and CF connections. Physiological evidence for synchronization, CFs, and plasticity of the RF and CF connections is described. Coordination via CFs is related to perceptual grouping, the effects of context on contrast sensitivity, amblyopia, implicit influences of color in achromotopsia, object and word perception, and the discovery of distal environmental variables and their interactions through self-organization. Cortical computation could thus involve the flexible evaluation of relations between input signals by locally specialized but adaptive processors whose activity is dynamically associated and coordinated within and between regions through specialized contextual connections.