全文获取类型
收费全文 | 81974篇 |
免费 | 3104篇 |
国内免费 | 27篇 |
出版年
2019年 | 907篇 |
2018年 | 1359篇 |
2017年 | 1376篇 |
2016年 | 1533篇 |
2015年 | 1082篇 |
2014年 | 1231篇 |
2013年 | 5817篇 |
2012年 | 2442篇 |
2011年 | 2616篇 |
2010年 | 1522篇 |
2009年 | 1497篇 |
2008年 | 2171篇 |
2007年 | 2147篇 |
2006年 | 1996篇 |
2005年 | 2827篇 |
2004年 | 2189篇 |
2003年 | 1910篇 |
2002年 | 1760篇 |
2001年 | 2409篇 |
2000年 | 2361篇 |
1999年 | 1819篇 |
1998年 | 897篇 |
1997年 | 840篇 |
1996年 | 840篇 |
1995年 | 757篇 |
1992年 | 1588篇 |
1991年 | 1482篇 |
1990年 | 1474篇 |
1989年 | 1352篇 |
1988年 | 1337篇 |
1987年 | 1270篇 |
1986年 | 1392篇 |
1985年 | 1384篇 |
1984年 | 1177篇 |
1983年 | 1066篇 |
1982年 | 761篇 |
1981年 | 769篇 |
1979年 | 1253篇 |
1978年 | 924篇 |
1976年 | 765篇 |
1975年 | 1041篇 |
1974年 | 1179篇 |
1973年 | 1284篇 |
1972年 | 1049篇 |
1971年 | 1015篇 |
1970年 | 911篇 |
1969年 | 959篇 |
1968年 | 1197篇 |
1967年 | 1075篇 |
1966年 | 983篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
851.
Neuronal models of cognitive functions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Understanding the neural bases of cognition has become a scientifically tractable problem, and neurally plausible models are proposed to establish a causal link between biological structure and cognitive function. To this end, levels of organization have to be defined within the functional architecture of neuronal systems. Transitions from any one of these interacting levels to the next are viewed in an evolutionary perspective. They are assumed to involve: (1) the production of multiple transient variations and (2) the selection of some of them by higher levels via the interaction with the outside world. The time-scale of these "evolutions" is expected to differ from one level to the other. In the course of development and in the adult this internal evolution is epigenetic and does not require alteration of the structure of the genome. A selective stabilization (and elimination) of synaptic connections by spontaneous and/or evoked activity in developing neuronal networks is postulated to contribute to the shaping of the adult connectivity within an envelope of genetically encoded forms. At a higher level, models of mental representations, as states of activity of defined populations of neurons, are discussed in terms of statistical physics, and their storage is viewed as a process of selection among variable and transient pre-representations. Theoretical models illustrate that cognitive functions such as short-term memory and handling of temporal sequences may be constrained by "microscopic" physical parameters. Finally, speculations are offered about plausible neuronal models and selectionist implementations of intentions. 相似文献
852.
Prior discussion of hypothesizing as a session "guideline" has not fully clarified the derivation of hypotheses. Reviewing relevant philosophy of science literature, the authors develop the notions of evidence and evidence-gathering in systemic family therapy. The authors claim evidence-gathering and hypothesizing are interdependent, reciprocal elements of scientific understanding. The structure of evidence is described along with practical and qualitative rules for collecting and using evidence. This model is applied to a case example illustrating the logic of clinical process. Implications are discussed for family therapy training and supervision. 相似文献
853.
What do celibates consider the adaptive and maladaptive aspects of their celibate religious lifestyle? What role has celibacy played in understanding the differences between those who persevere and those who choose to resign from celibate religious life and/or ordained ministry? Using data from extensive interviews, this exploratory study begins to focus some of the perceived effects of celibacy upon personal development for both those who persevere in celibate religious life and those who resign. 相似文献
854.
Dependency, self-criticism, and depressive attributional style 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dependency and self-criticism have been proposed as independent factors in depression. Investigated whether depressive individuals characterized by dependency and self-criticism, respectively, differ with regard to internality of causal attributions for negative events. Sixty psychiatric outpatients completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the semantic differential, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. Dependency and self-criticism correlated positively with internality and with each other (p less than .0001). Findings did not support the specificity of dependency and self-criticism as subtypes of depression. 相似文献
855.
Self-discrepancies in clinical depression and social phobia: cognitive structures that underlie emotional disorders? 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
T J Strauman 《Journal of abnormal psychology》1989,98(1):14-22
Previous research indicates that self-discrepancies are cognitive structures that can induce emotional discomfort. The present study compared clinically depressed and social phobic subjects (plus controls) to determine whether different self-discrepancies were associated with the two disorders. In Part 1, it was shown that the depressives possessed the greatest discrepancy between their actual and ideal/own self-states, whereas the social phobics possessed the greatest discrepancy between their actual and ought/other self-states. In a later, ostensibly unrelated study, subjects responded verbally to questions about other people while their mood changes, skin conductance responses, and verbalizations were recorded. The questions included attributes from the subject's ideal and ought self-states that were mismatches with attributes from his or her actual self, as well as mismatch attributes from other subjects. Priming with self-referential mismatches induced momentary syndromes of dejection or agitation (depending on the type of mismatch). The depressives and social phobics showed the greatest increases in dejection and agitation, respectively, according to their dominant self-discrepancy. The results suggest that specific cognitive structures may underlie clinical depression and anxiety. 相似文献
856.
What changes take place in request production between the ages of 6 and 7? In other words, what do children ask for, whom do they ask, and how do they formulate their requests? Twenty children, native French-speaking children divided into 2 age groups (6 and 7 year old) were asked to complete 2-character comic-strip stories where the hero either made a request to a friend or an enemy. Requests were for action or for information. In both age groups, children tend to use the direct form and embedded imperatives more often when the hero addressed a friend. Hints were employed more frequently when addressing an enemy. Requests for action were expressed primarily in both groups through direct requests, embedded imperatives and hints, whereas requests for information tended to take form of question directives. Surprisingly, 6-year-olds produced more indirect requests than the 7-year-olds, and particularly produced more question directives and hints. Reformulations in the 6-year-old group consisted of repeating the first request, whereas the 7-year-old group evidenced clear ability to produce a variety of reformulations. These results form the basis for a psychological interpretation of earlier findings. Discussion enters on children's ability to link linguistic form of request to the social features of production situation. 相似文献
857.
J. WYLY 《The Journal of analytical psychology》1989,34(4):319-337
The perversions are initially defined as sexual behaviours which in our culture are generally regarded as corrupt, fearful, and forbidden. The effect of this attitude upon the way they are handled in analysis is considered, and the work of the late German psychoanalyst, Fritz Morgenthaler, is cited as presenting a way of integrating the perversions into analytic treatment. Two cases are cited from the literature which demonstrate both the validity of Morgenthaler's approach and the necessity of moving beyond it. Jungian psychological concepts provide the machinery for doing this. The combination of Morgenthaler's and Jung's ideas suggests a way of dealing with perversions in analysis, of which the author is currently making use in several cases, which are then summarised. 相似文献
858.
The study attempted to replicate and extend the results of an earlier study by Wild and Shapiro (16), establishing the utility of Mosher and Hornsby's (8) 20 Questions Task as a means of differentiating families with schizophrenic patients from those of psychiatrically hospitalized but nonschizophrenic individuals. In the current study, Wild and Shapiro's original design was expanded and revised by (a) diagnosing patients using Research Diagnostic Criteria rather than hospital diagnoses and (b) including families with schizophrenic daughters and/or one-parent families, in addition to intact families with schizophrenic sons. Families were comparable on age, intelligence, and socioeconomic variables. The results failed to replicate those reported by Wild and Shapiro, and indicated that the 20 Questions Task was sensitive to differences in family constellation and offspring gender as well as offspring diagnosis. The findings suggest that forms of familial communication deviance detected with the 20 Questions Task may not be unique to families of schizophrenics, thus highlighting the need to expand research on family communication deviance in families with schizophrenic offspring to families with varied family constellations and characteristics. 相似文献
859.
B D Slife J Sasscer-Burgos W Froberg S Ellington 《International journal of group psychotherapy》1989,39(1):79-104
Two studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of individual differences in the ability of inpatients to process interactions in group psychotherapy. The first was a pilot study conducted on groups of major depressive patients and matched normal subjects. Subjects were asked to give process comments after viewing simulations of typical group therapy interactions. These comments were later rated on the extent to which they reflected process qualities and accuracy. These data led to a more rigorous and extensive study that included more appropriate control groups as well as measures of potential confounding factors, such as simulation realism, verbal ability, and interaction comprehension. Results indicated that major depressives suffer from deficits in the ability to process group interactions, relative to three types of control groups, including normals. These differences in processing were not significantly positively correlated with any of the potential confounding factors. The implications for understanding interactional processing and group psychotherapy are discussed. 相似文献
860.
A.C. Mundy-Castle D.J. Wilson P.S. Sibanda J.S. Sibanda 《International journal of psychology》1989,24(1-5):539-546
The cognitive effects of LOGO were examined among 11–12-year-old black and white Zimbabwean girls and boys. Fifty-two experimental group children were exposed to a BBC LOGO programme with a screen turtle. Forty-one control group children received no exposure to computers at school. Pre-tests on four WISC-R subscales were held in January, 1987 and post-tests on the same four WISC-R subscales were held in November/December, 1987. The data were analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance, using pre-test scores as the covariate. The results suggested that children in the experimental group did better on the WISC-R Arithmetic scale and that black girls exposed to LOGO showed particular gains in spatial reasoning, as measured by the WISC-R Block Design scale. It is concluded that LOGO appears to facilitate cognitive growth. Methodological limitations of the present study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented. 相似文献