Proactive interference and spontaneous alternation in rats

Two pairs of trials were given to naive rats in a T-maze. The first trial of a pair was forced to one arm, the second was free, and the delay between trials was 25 min. or 10 hr. Rats left in the maze for 15 sec. following the forced choice showed increased alternation on the second pair of trials at the 25-min. delay as compared with the 10-hr. delay. This was interpreted as due to a decline in alternation with delay on this pair of trials, together with an overall increase in alternation between the first and second pairs, and is consistent with the proactive interference theory of forgetting. Rats left in for 2 min. showed a decline in alternation with delay on the first pair of trials, but not on the second; this is inconsistent with the proactive interference theory.     

A three-electrode system for EKG recording and aversive shock

The use of three electrodes to produce digitizable EKG’s and to deliver shocks to the tail of the monkey is described. Cardiac signals are taken from a head electrode and a “ground” tail electrode. Shock is administered through a “hot” tail electrode and the “ground” tail electrode.     

Similarity of cardiac CR forms in the rhesus monkey during several experimental procedures

Cardiac rates of rhesus monkeys were observed in a variety of different conditioning procedures, each of which involved a visual stimulus (CS) followed by an electric shock (US). With a 30-sec CS, cardiac rate accelerated rapidly after CS onset, reached a maximum in the middle of CS, and decelerated thereafter, with a terminal CS rate often at the level of, or below, pre-CS levels. A similar biphasic cardiac rate response in CS was also observed under subsequent exposure to intermittent pairings of CS and US, avoidance of US, response-produced termination of US, and when CS-US pairings were superimposed upon an avoidance baseline, even when CS duration was varied from 12 to 60 seconds. The unusual regularity of cardiac rate responses in several different procedures may result from one or more of these factors: (a) characteristics of the rhesus monkey, (b) initial exposure to Pavlovian conditioning, or (c) the uniformity of measurement of cardiac rate employed in this study.     

The bioelectrical activity of cerebellar structures in the freely-moving rat

Electrodes were implanted in the brains of 27 freelymoving rats and the bioelectrical activity of cerebellar cortical structures (lobus simplex, tuber verrais, lobus ansiformis, crus II) and the dentate nucleus was measured simultaneously with the activity of the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus and respiratory rate and motor activity. Different behavioral states were produced by habituation procedures and by elaborating conditional avoidance reflexes to light-flash or click series. In addition, startle reflexes to acoustic stimuli were used to evaluate behavioral state. The following conclusions could be drawn: 1) in the awake rat the various cerebellar structures have clearly distinguishable bioelectrical activity patterns; 2) changes in these patterns depend on the actual behavioral state of the animal; 3) this dependence upon behavior is especially clear in crus II, one of the projection zones of the tactile and proprioceptive afferent nerves in the cerebellar cortex. The changes in the electrocerebellogram of the unrestrained rat may be used as an indicator of the behavioral state of the animal.     

College Major Choice and Personal Adjustment

This investigation focused on the differences in reported personal adjustment problems between freshmen students who made a congruent college major choice and students who made an incongruent choice. Personal adjustment was defined operationally with the Mooney Problem Checklist. Congruent and incongruent college major choice groups were defined operationally using the Vocational Preference Inventory. In the analysis of variance of the adjustment scores, the interaction term involving congruence of major choice and sex and the test for the main effect of sex were not significant. The test for the main effect of congruence was found to be significant. Subjects who had made a congruent college major choice reported fewer personal adjustment problems when compared to subjects in the incongruent group.