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411.
Dirk Wentura 《Cognition & emotion》2019,33(1):85-93
ABSTRACTThe field of cognition and emotion is characterised as the cognitive psychology of evaluative and affective processes. The most important development in this field is the fruitful adoption of cognitive psychology paradigms to study automatic evaluation processes, for example. This has led to a plethora of findings and theories. Two points are emphasised: First, the (often metaphorical) theoretical way of thinking has changed over the decades. Theorising with symbolic models (e.g. semantic networks), which was prevalent in earlier years, has been replaced more recently by subsymbolic models (i.e. PDP models). It is argued that – despite their still metaphorical character – the latter are better suited to capturing characteristics of emotional processes. Second, the field has adopted the methods of experimental cognitive psychology to develop and refine paradigms as “windows to the mind”. 相似文献
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Dirk Wentura 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(2):269-298
Based on assumptions borrowed from negative priming research, in two experiments an evaluative decision to a clearly valenced target word that was flanked by a positive or negative distractor (i.e., the “affective priming” technique in the tradition of of Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986) was followed by a pleasantness rating of an unfamiliar, senseless string of letters. Of main interest was whether an inhibition of the distractor valence affects the rating. Unexpectedly, it was found that the effect depended on subtle differences in the a priori pleasantness of the letter strings. For (relatively) less pleasant sounding strings, the rating was congruent to the prime whereas it was incongruent for (relatively) more pleasant sounding strings. In Experiment 3, the rating of the letter strings was preceded by a masked positive or negative prime only. The same pattern of congruence and incongruence effects emerged. The results are related to a matching account of negative priming. 相似文献
415.
In affective Simon studies, participants are to select between a positive and negative response on the basis of a nonaffective stimulus feature (i.e., relevant stimulus feature) while ignoring the valence of the presented stimuli (i.e., irrelevant stimulus feature). De Houwer and Eelen (1998) showed that the time to select the correct response is influenced by the match between the valence of the response and the (irrelevant) valence of the stimulus. In the affective Simon studies that have been reported until now, only words were used as stimuli and the relevant stimulus feature was always the grammatical category of the words. We report four experiments in which we examined the generality of the affective Simon effect. Significant affective Simon effects were found when the semantic category, grammatical category, and letter-case of words was relevant, when the semantic category of photographed objects was relevant, and when participants were asked to give nonverbal approach or avoidance responses on the basis of the grammatical category of words. Results also showed that the magnitude of the affective Simon effect depended on the nature of the relevant feature. 相似文献
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Current research on automatic attention allocation focuses on the questions whether there is an asymmetry in attentional biases towards negative and positive stimuli and whether these attentional biases are influenced by situational variables. In an experiment with N = 48 participants, automatic allocation of attention to chance and danger stimuli was investigated. Attentional capture was generally larger for chance stimuli than for danger stimuli. Additionally, attentional bias was influenced by the outcome focus of the actual goal orientation. Results revealed an incongruence effect of goal orientation on attentional biases: Attentional capture for the chance and danger stimuli was comparatively stronger when an outcome focus of opposite valence had been induced. 相似文献