Ethological analysis of neuropeptides and psychotropic drugs: Effects on intraspecies aggression and sociability of isolated mice

The experiments on mice (under the condition of agonistic interactions) have shown increases and decreases in certain forms of species-specific behavior (aggression, defense, sociability) when synthetic peptides and psychotropic drugs were administered. MIF-1, TRH, and LH-RH (acute injections) enhance aggression in isolated mice while somatostatin reduces it. MIF–1 antagonizes the antiaggressive effects of haloperidol, muscimol, and morphine. ACTH 1–24 counteracts the action of diaze-pam on attacks and threats. Somatostatin reduces both aggression and sociability and that effect may be potentiated by diazepam. Neo-endorphin injected together with diazepam reduces aggression and enhances sociability. A combination of synthetic neuropeptides and well known psychotropic drugs (neuroleptics, tranquil-izers, and others) may be more effective for the control of aggression and sociability than the psychotropic drugs employed alone.     

古米廖夫与亨廷顿:进路与术语

20世纪90年代,我着手写一篇论文“13至19世纪高加索西北地区各民族之间的关系”。从这个项目一开始,我就遇到了两个困难:采取哪个进路,使用哪个术语。当时,俄罗斯刚刚开始出版列夫·古米廖夫的文集,他是列宁格勒大学教授,曾在劳改集中营服刑。他所应用的术语从推导上讲结构似乎     

Internal approach to external sets and universes

In this article we show how the universe of HST, Hrbaek set theory (a nonstandard set theory of external type, which includes, in particular, the ZFC Replacement and Separation schemata for all formulas in the language containing the membership and standardness predicates, and Saturation for standard size families of internal sets, but does not include the Power set axiom) admits a system of subuniverses which keep the Replacement, model Power set and Choice (in fact all of ZFC, with the exception of the Regularity axiom, which indeed is replaced by the Regularity over the internal subuniverse), and also keep as much of Saturation as it is necessary.This gives sufficient tools to develop the most complicated topics in nonstandard analysis, such as Loeb measures.Partially supported by AMS grants in 1993 – 1995 and DFG grants in 1994 – 1995. Robert Goldblatt     

Effects of auditory input in individuation tasks

Under many conditions auditory input interferes with visual processing, especially early in development. These interference effects are often more pronounced when the auditory input is unfamiliar than when the auditory input is familiar (e.g. human speech, pre‐familiarized sounds, etc.). The current study extends this research by examining how auditory input affects 8‐ and 14‐month‐olds’ performance on individuation tasks. The results of the current study indicate that both unfamiliar sounds and words interfered with infants’ performance on an individuation task, with cross‐modal interference effects being numerically stronger for unfamiliar sounds. The effects of auditory input on a variety of lexical tasks are discussed.     

Scientific problems and questions from a logical point of view

Scientific knowledge systems function as effective and specialized apparatus for formulating, analyzing and solving scientific problems. In science, problems become internal parts of the knowledge systems; thus they acquire new forms and properties in comparison with common-sense problems. Definite theoretical structures connected with problems and questions appear in the theory. Among them are erotetic expressions and languages, calculi and algebras of problems. On the basis of the structure-nominative reconstruction of a theory, the unified treatment of these structures is given. Methods of the theory of named sets are used in the logical analysis of problems and their systems. As a consequence a new formalized model of the problem part of theory is constructed.     

When looks are everything: appearance similarity versus kind information in early induction

The goal of this research was to examine mechanisms underlying early induction--specifically, the relation between induction and categorization. Some researchers argue that even early in development, induction is based on category-membership information, whereas others argue that early induction is based primarily on similarity. Children 4 and 5 years of age participated in two types of tasks: categorization and induction. Both tasks were performed with artificial animal-like categories in which appearance was pitted against category membership. Although the children readily acquired category-membership information and subsequently used this information in categorization tasks, they ignored category membership during the induction task, relying instead on the appearance of items. These results support the idea that early in development, induction is similarity based.     

边界研究——后现代进路

新进路的丰富传统与前提可以在地理边界学这门有关边界的新学科中,区分出多个可以认为是传统的或者后现代的连续的理论进路。每个阶段都会看到结合而不是替代始终在不断加以完善的传统进路,来应用新的进路(明吉,1963;鲁姆莱和明吉,1991)。诸如历史地图绘制、类型地图绘制、功能地图绘制和政治地图绘制等等传统的进路,在一些理论著述中已经早有描述(科洛索夫和奥洛克林,1998;科洛索夫和图罗夫斯基,1998;科洛索夫和米罗年科,2001)。我们在这里将论述大多在20世纪90年代和最近10年之间出现的后现代进路。地缘政治进路全球化和一体化对于政治边…     

Visual processing speed: effects of auditory input on visual processing

The ability to process simultaneously presented auditory and visual information is a necessary component underlying many cognitive tasks. While this ability is often taken for granted, there is evidence that under many conditions auditory input attenuates processing of corresponding visual input. The current study investigated infants' processing of visual input under unimodal and cross-modal conditions. Results of the three reported experiments indicate that different auditory input had different effects on infants' processing of visual information. In particular, unfamiliar auditory input slowed down visual processing, whereas more familiar auditory input did not. These results elucidate mechanisms underlying auditory overshadowing in the course of cross-modal processing and have implications on a variety of cognitive tasks that depend on cross-modal processing.     

The influences of partner accuracy and partner memory ability on social false memories

In this study, we examined whether increasing the proportion of false information suggested by a confederate would influence the magnitude of socially introduced false memories in the social contagion paradigm Roediger, Meade, & Bergman (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8:365–371, 2001). One participant and one confederate collaboratively recalled items from previously studied household scenes. During collaboration, the confederate interjected 0 %, 33 %, 66 %, or 100 % false items. On subsequent individual-recall tests across three experiments, participants were just as likely to incorporate misleading suggestions from a partner who was mostly accurate (33 % incorrect) as they were from a partner who was not at all accurate (100 % incorrect). Even when participants witnessed firsthand that their partner had a very poor memory on a related memory task, they were still as likely to incorporate the confederate’s entirely misleading suggestions on subsequent recall and recognition tests (Exp. 2). Only when participants witnessed firsthand that their partner had a very poor memory on a practice test of the experimental task itself were they able to reduce false memory, and this reduction occurred selectively on a subsequent individual recognition test (Exp. 3). These data demonstrate that participants do not always consider their partners’ memory ability when working on collaborative memory tasks.     

Against Some Recent Arguments for ‘Ought’ Implies ‘Can’: Reasons,Deliberation, Trying,and Furniture

Philosophia - Many philosophers claim that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. In light of recent empirical evidence, however, some skeptics conclude that philosophers should stop...