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151.
Vladimir Ponizovskiy Murat Ardag Lusine Grigoryan Ryan Boyd Henrik Dobewall Peter Holtz 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(5):885-902
Estimating psychological constructs from natural language has the potential to expand the reach and applicability of personality science. Research on the Big Five has produced methods to reliably assess personality traits from text, but the development of comparable tools for personal values is still in the early stages. Based on the Schwartz theory of basic human values, we developed a dictionary for the automatic assessment of references to personal values in text. To refine and validate the dictionary, we used Facebook updates, blog posts, essays, and book chapters authored by over 180 000 individuals. The results show high reliability for the dictionary and a pattern of correlations between the value types in line with the circumplex structure. We found small to moderate (rs = .1–.4) but consistent correlations between dictionary scores and self-reported scores for 7 out of 10 values. Correlations between the dictionary scores and age, gender, and political orientation of the author and scores for other established dictionaries mostly followed theoretical predictions. The Personal Values Dictionary can be used to assess references to value orientations in textual data, such as tweets, blog posts, or status updates, and will stimulate further research in methods to assess human basic values from text. 相似文献
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Eliezer Witztum Shimon Briskin Vladimir Lerner 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》1999,29(3):223-234
The use of a humorous therapeutic approach combined with drug therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia patients institutionalized for protracted periods of time led to positive changes in their symptoms. The majority of the patients responded well to humorous interpretations. The patients felt that they had the option of adopting the doctor's humorous manner. This approach appealed to them and raised self-esteem; they likewise gained confidence in their own ability to form judgments. They cooperated better with the doctor in issues pertaining to treatment. The fact that humor made an impact on the patients' cognition demonstrated that patients with disturbed thought processes could be influenced in ways which improved coping. The patients' condition was evaluated according to the BPRS scale, before the treatment, on a monthly basis during the treatment, and three months upon the completion of the experiment. In the course of the experiment, pharmacological treatment remained unchanged. On the average, a perceptible reduction in the BPRS value (p < .05) was detected as a result of humor therapy. Amusing representations of affective external stimuli were incorporated into the patients' cognition and, along with a newly gained awareness of the possibility of relating to them with humor, were retained long after the termination of the project. 相似文献
156.
The authors explored whether standing human participants could voluntarily decrease the amplitude of their natural postural sway when presented with explicit visual feedback and a target. Participants (N = 9) stood quietly, without any feedback and with feedback on the center of pressure coordinate or the head orientation. They were unable to decrease sway amplitude when presented with visual feedback and a target. Decreasing target size led to contrasting effects on the 2 fractions of sway: rambling and trembling. The smaller target was associated with a decrease in rambling and an increase in trembling. Those observations suggest that sway represents a superposition of at least 2 independent processes. They also suggest that providing visual feedback on a variable tied to body sway may not be an effective way to decrease postural sway in young healthy people. 相似文献
157.
This research examined how differences in category structure affect category learning and category representation across points of development. The authors specifically focused on category density--or the proportion of category-relevant variance to the total variance. Results of Experiments 1-3 showed a clear dissociation between dense and sparse categories: Whereas dense categories were readily learned without supervision, learning of sparse categories required supervision. There were also developmental differences in how statistical density affected category representation. Although children represented both dense and sparse categories on the basis of the overall similarity (Experiment 4A), adults represented dense categories on the basis of similarity and represented sparse categories on the basis of the inclusion rule (Experiment 4B). The results support the notion that statistical structure interacts with the learning regime in their effects on category learning. In addition, these results elucidate important developmental differences in how categories are represented, which presents interesting challenges for theories of categorization. 相似文献
158.
Evtikhin DV Polianskii VB Alymkulov DE Sokolov EN 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2008,11(2):349-362
The neuronal activity in the rabbit's visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus was investigated in responses to 8 color stimuli changes in pairs. This activity consisted of phasic responses (50-90 and 130-300 Ms after stimuli changes) and tonic response (after 300 Ms). The phasic responses used as a basis for the matrices (8 x 8) constructed for each neuron included the average of spikes/sec in responses to all stimuli changes. All matrices were treated by factor analysis and the basic axes of sensory spaces were revealed. Sensory spaces reconstructed from neuronal spike discharges had a two-dimensional (with brightness and darkness axes) or four-dimensional (with two color and two achromatic axes) structure. Thus it allowed us to split neurons into groups measuring only brightness differences and the measuring of color and brightness differences between stimuli. The tonic component of most of the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed linear correlation with changes in intensities; therefore, these neurons could be characterized as pre-detectors for cortical selective detectors. The neuronal spaces demonstrated a coincidence with spaces revealed by other methods. This fact may reflect the general principle of vector coding (Sokolov, 2000) of sensory information in the visual system. 相似文献
159.
Boris Kotchoubey Jochen Kaiser Vladimir Bostanov Werner Lutzenberger Niels Birbaumer 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(2):153-167
A passive oddball experiment was used in which stimuli were emotional exclamations differing in their affective tone. In both
electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), deviants elicited an N300 component, sometimes accompanied
by a slow wave. Both components had a symmetrical distribution, but the former was more posterior than the latter. The same
responses to prosodic stimuli were significant in 6 of 27 patients with severe disorders of consciousness (persistent vegetative
state and minimally conscious state) and in all 3 of the examined locked-in patients, indicating that the procedure can be
applied for testing neurological patients. The occurrence of significant responses depended on the presence or absence of
a lesion to the right temporal lobe. Obviously, the N300 depends on the activity of the right temporal cortex but does not
originate there. We suggest that the component is related not to the recognition of affective prosody as such, but to the
following detection of affective mismatch due to violations of emotional context of stimulation. 相似文献
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