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81.
The objective of this study was to observe how the digits of the hand adjust to varying location of the center of mass (CoM) above or below the grasp and rotational inertia (RI) of a handheld object. Such manipulations do not immediately affect the equilibrium equations while stability control is affected. Participants were instructed to hold a handle, instrumented with 5 force-torque transducers and a 3-D rotational tilt sensor, while either the location of the CoM or the RI values were adjusted. On the whole, people use 2 mechanisms to adjust to the changed stability requirements; they increase the grip force and redistribute the total moment between the normal and tangential forces offsetting internal torques. The increase in grip force, an internal force, and offsetting internal torques allows for increases in joint and hand rotational apparent stiffness while not creating external forces-torques that would unbalance the equations of equilibrium. 相似文献
82.
Many animals use spatial memory. Although much work has examined the accuracy of spatial memory, few studies have explicitly
focused on its longevity. The importance of long-term spatial memory for foraging has been demonstrated in several cases.
However, the importance of such long-term memory for all animals is unclear. In this study, we present the first evidence
that a parid species (the black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus) can remember the location of a single food item for at least 6 months under an associative-learning spatial memory paradigm
with multiple reinforcements. We did not detect a significant difference in memory longevity between two populations of chickadees
shown previously to differ in short-term spatial memory and hippocampal morphology, an area of the brain involved in spatial
memory. Our study showed that small birds such as parids can maintain spatial memories for long periods, a feat shown previously
only in corvids. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate this longevity within the context of only 16 repeated trials. We speculate
that this ability may potentially be useful in relocating caches if reinforced by repeated visits. Future studies are necessary
to test whether our results were specifically due to multiple reinforcements of the food-containing location and whether parids
may have similar memory longevity during food-caching experiences in the wild. 相似文献
83.
Recent efforts to explore the geology and climate of planets within our own solar system, especially Mars, have prompted a renewed interest in the search for microorganisms as the most plausible forms of extraterrestrial life. As the scientific search for evidence of microbial life on Mars intensifies, there has been a perceived need to examine the theological implications in advance of such a possible discovery. Religious considerations, thus far, have focused mainly on Western Christianity as represented by the Roman Catholic and various Protestant traditions. Although Eastern Orthodoxy represents the second largest group of Christians worldwide, to date, there is very little information available from these ongoing discussions concerning an Eastern Orthodox perspective. Therefore, we first review the case for the possibility of microbial life on Mars and then explore its fundamental Orthodox theological meaning. The apprehension of any form of extraterrestrial life by the Orthodox Church will be rooted in its collective interpretation of the Holy Scriptures, Patristic and contemporary religious writers, and in the ancient liturgical expression of its worship. 相似文献
84.
Vladimir Vovk 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(4):173-192
Described is a space model of developmental process and its projection on a plane—the Diagram of development. The latter is used to interpret the process of human history both on universal scale and that of the twentieth century with Soviet history as an instance. Hence unexpected conclusions are received about the impending social change in the world. Summarized are results of the previous mathematical analysis of the Diagram, the content of qualitative changes in the developmental processes is exposed. Also described are probable effects of the world view change in science when the world is seen as a developmental process. Examined are also the perspectives of the distant future for the humankind as a most rapidly developing part of nature. The questions of the human destiny and the role of man's activities in the Universe are also dwelt upon. 相似文献
85.
Christopher W. Robinson Vladimir M. Sloutsky 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2010,107(3):351-358
Two experiments examined the effects of multimodal presentation and stimulus familiarity on auditory and visual processing. In Experiment 1, 10-month-olds were habituated to either an auditory stimulus, a visual stimulus, or an auditory-visual multimodal stimulus. Processing time was assessed during the habituation phase, and discrimination of auditory and visual stimuli was assessed during a subsequent testing phase. In Experiment 2, the familiarity of the auditory or visual stimulus was systematically manipulated by prefamiliarizing infants to either the auditory or visual stimulus prior to the experiment proper. With the exception of the prefamiliarized auditory condition in Experiment 2, infants in the multimodal conditions failed to increase looking when the visual component changed at test. This finding is noteworthy given that infants discriminated the same visual stimuli when presented unimodally, and there was no evidence that multimodal presentation attenuated auditory processing. Possible factors underlying these effects are discussed. 相似文献
86.
ABSTRACTThis study combines and compares data from the Korean Youth Panel Survey and the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey to examine the effects parenting, peers, school, social structure, and personality exert on nonviolent and violent delinquency among 5,462 male and 5,103 female adolescents in South Korea. Overall, parental effects were found to be more important than peer effects, but their influence diminishes relative to that of peer effects with age. The semiparametric group-based modeling approach identifies distinct groups of stable nondelinquents, stable moderates, moderate escalators, de-escalators, and desistors (but not chronic offenders). Lastly, this study does not provide support for a public discourse that infers juvenile delinquency has increased in frequency and severity. 相似文献
87.
88.
Vladimir Hedrih 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2008,73(1):13-23
To explore the structure of vocational interests in Serbia, 1063 participants of various age, education and gender completed the Serbian version of the Personal Globe Inventory [PGI, Tracey, T. (2002). Personal Globe Inventory: Measurement of the spherical model of interests and competence beliefs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 6, 113-172]. The fit of Tracey’s octagonal and spherical models to the structure of correlations between Tracey’s eight and 18 type scales was evaluated, as was the fit of Holland’s hexagonal, Gati’s, Rounds-Tracey’s and Liu-Rounds’ models to the structure of correlations between RIASEC scales. Randomization test of hypothetical orders, multidimensional scaling with fixed coordinates and Myors’ test were used to assess the fit of models to the data. The results showed good fit of Tracey’s octagonal and spherical models to the data. Holland’s hexagonal model also fit the data very well, but the fit of Gati’s, Rounds-Tracey’s and Liu-Rounds’ models of relations between RIASEC types was either nonsignificant or very low. 相似文献
89.
The role of words and sounds in infants' visual processing: from overshadowing to attentional tuning
Although it is well documented that language plays an important role in cognitive development, there are different views concerning the mechanisms underlying these effects. Some argue that even early in development, effects of words stem from top-down knowledge, whereas others argue that these effects stem from auditory input affecting attention allocated to visual input. Previous research (e.g., Robinson & Sloutsky, 2004a ) demonstrated that non-speech sounds attenuate processing of corresponding visual input at 8, 12, and 16 months of age, whereas the current study demonstrates that words attenuate visual processing at 10 months but not at 16 months (Experiment 1). Furthermore, prefamiliarization with non-speech sounds (Experiment 2) resulted in able processing of visual input by 16-month-olds. These findings suggest that some effects of labels found early in development may stem from familiarity with human speech. The possibility of general-auditory factors underlying the effects of words on cognitive development is discussed. 相似文献
90.
Vladimir L. Marchenkov 《Studies in East European Thought》2004,56(2-3):173-186
The paper analyses A.F. Losev's argument forthe identity of dialectical and mythicalthinking which forms the key part of his theoryof absolute mythology. Losev claims thatdialectical thinking is limited byphenomenological intuition. He fails torecognise, however, that this intuition itselfis a product of thinking. The same is true ofLosev's concept of `life' that is designed tolimit intellectual reflection. The mystery ofthe Absolute is, contrary to Losev's claim, nota threshold that dialectical thinking cannotcross, but it is, in fact, realised only bysuch thinking. This has a bearing on theChristian Neoplatonist doctrine of energisticsymbolism, which also plays a crucial part inLosev's philosophy of myth. Under the pressureof the Neoplatonist tradition Losev violatesthe demands of dialectical thinking in favourof myth's essential mysticism. And yet, becauseof the dialectical relation between rationalismand mysticism, Losev's attempt was not afailure, but a valuable contribution to thetask of illuminating this relation. 相似文献