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151.
152.
Cornejol C Simonetti F Aldunate N Ibáñez A López V Melloni L 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2007,36(6):411-430
We explore the hypothesis that induction of holistic or analytic strategies influences comprehension and processing of highly
contextualized expressions of ordinary language, such as irony. Twenty undergraduate students were asked to categorize as
coherent or incoherent a group of sentences. Each sentence completed a previous story, so that they could be ironical, literal
or nonsensical endings. Participants were asked to evaluate whether each sentence was coherent or incoherent. Half of them
were initially instructed to consider whether the sentences made sense (holistic condition); the other half were instructed
to consider whether the sentences were congruent or incongruent (analytic condition). Behavioral responses and Event Related
Potentials were registered during the experiment. Both behavioral and electrophysiological results allow clearly distinguishing
between the holistic and the analytic strategies. The fact that the same set of stimuli elicits different ERP waveforms, depending
on the strategy with which they are analyzed, suggests that different cognitive processes and different areas of the brain
are operating in each case. 相似文献
153.
Vladimir Musicki 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2017,30(4):360-370
Constructivist and narrative psychotherapies share an understanding of the self as fragmented, relational, distributed, and discursive. Collaboration of these two modalities might offer a synergistic perspective for working with people. Hermeneutically driven therapy concerns personal development, which is seen as a unique effort of the individual to narrate different stories about him- or herself and others. The therapeutic process is viewed as a raising of awareness about marginalized discourses and empowering alternative voices. Furthermore, the making of an alternative story implies a new understanding of oneself, new interpretation of the past, and anticipation of the future. A case study is presented in which these principles are implemented in therapeutic practice. 相似文献
154.
We consider problems of motor redundancy associated with handwriting using the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis. Recent studies of finger coordination during force production tasks have demonstrated that the UCM-hypothesis provides a fruitful framework for analysis of multi-finger actions. In particular, it has been shown that during relatively fast force changes, finger force variance across trials is structured such that a time pattern of total moment produced by the fingers with respect to a point between the two most lateral fingers involved in the task is stabilized while the time pattern of total force may be destabilized. The findings of selective moment stabilization have been interpreted as being conditioned by the experience with everyday motor tasks that commonly pose more strict requirements to stabilization of total moment than to stabilization of total force. We discuss implications of these findings for certain features of handwriting seen in elderly, children, patients with neurological disorders, and forgers. 相似文献
155.
A goal of successful learning is the transfer of learned knowledge to novel situations. However, spontaneous transfer is notoriously
difficult to achieve. In this research, we argue that learning and transfer can be facilitated when knowledge is expressed
in an abstract, generic form. In Experiments 1 and 2, undergraduate students learned two isomorphic domains, which were based
on the same algebraic group, with one domain expressed in a more abstract, generic form and the other expressed in a more
concrete form. In both experiments, transfer from more abstract to more concrete was greater than the reverse. In Experiment
3, undergraduate students learned the same algebraic group under varying degrees of concreteness. Our results demonstrate
that the use of perceptually rich, concrete symbols may hinder learning. This research indicates that concreteness may have
substantial learning and transfer costs, whereas abstractness may have benefits. 相似文献
156.
Processing of logically valid and logically invalid conditional inferences in discourse comprehension 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rader AW Sloutsky VM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(1):59-68
Two competing theories of processing of conditionals (if-then) were tested. Syntactic theories posit that people only draw inferences conforming to the logically valid modus ponens (MP) schema. Mental models theories predict that people draw MP and invalid affirming-the-consequent (AC) inferences. Three experiments tested these predictions. Participants read short stories that conformed to either the MP or AC form but without conclusions, and they completed either priming or recognition tasks. Results indicate that both MP and AC inferences occur during discourse processing: MP and AC premise forms prime their respective conclusions, participants erroneously judged that they had read the conclusions to MP and AC arguments, and AC inferences did not stem from a biconditional interpretation of conditionals. Findings support mental models theories. 相似文献
157.
Thomas Suslow Klas Ihme Markus Quirin Vladimir Lichev Nicole Rosenberg Jochen Bauer Luise Bomberg Anette Kersting Karl‐Titus Hoffmann Donald Lobsien 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2015,56(5):545-552
Previous research has revealed affect‐congruity effects for the recognition of affects from faces. Little is known about the impact of affect on the perception of body language. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of implicit (versus explicit) affectivity with the recognition of briefly presented affective body expressions. Implicit affectivity, which can be measured using indirect assessment methods, has been found to be more predictive of spontaneous physiological reactions than explicit (self‐reported) affect. Thirty‐four healthy women had to label the expression of body postures (angry, fearful, happy, or neutral) presented for 66 ms and masked by a neutral body posture in a forced‐choice format while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants' implicit affectivity was assessed using the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test. Measures of explicit state and trait affectivity were also administered. Analysis of the fMRI data was focused on a subcortical network involved in the rapid perception of affective body expressions. Only implicit negative affect (but not explicit affect) was correlated with correct labeling performance for angry body posture. As expected, implicit negative affect was positively associated with activation of the subcortical network in response to fearful and angry expression (compared to neutral expression). Responses of the caudate nucleus to affective body expression were especially associated with its recognition. It appears that processes of rapid recognition of affects from body postures could be facilitated by an individual's implicit negative affect. 相似文献
158.
159.
Margherita Melloni Vladimir Lopez Agustin Ibanez 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2014,14(1):407-425
Empathy is a highly flexible and adaptive process that allows for the interplay of prosocial behavior in many different social contexts. Empathy appears to be a very situated cognitive process, embedded with specific contextual cues that trigger different automatic and controlled responses. In this review, we summarize relevant evidence regarding social context modulation of empathy for pain. Several contextual factors, such as stimulus reality and personal experience, affectively link with other factors, emotional cues, threat information, group membership, and attitudes toward others to influence the affective, sensorimotor, and cognitive processing of empathy. Thus, we propose that the frontoinsular-temporal network, the so-called social context network model (SCNM), is recruited during the contextual processing of empathy. This network would (1) update the contextual cues and use them to construct fast predictions (frontal regions), (2) coordinate the internal (body) and external milieus (insula), and (3) consolidate the context–target associative learning of empathic processes (temporal sites). Furthermore, we propose these context-dependent effects of empathy in the framework of the frontoinsular-temporal network and examine the behavioral and neural evidence of three neuropsychiatric conditions (Asperger syndrome, schizophrenia, and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia), which simultaneously present with empathy and contextual integration impairments. We suggest potential advantages of a situated approach to empathy in the assessment of these neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as their relationship with the SCNM. 相似文献
160.
Vladimir Tsivinsky 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2014,59(1):47-59
The spatial metaphor of Utopia is considered from a Jungian perspective along with its role in Russian culture and in analysis. Such post‐Jungian concepts as the cultural complex and the archetypal story pattern of a victim are used in considering the desperate longing for a rescuer in patients' narratives and in Russian society. A clinical vignette is provided to illustrate these ideas. 相似文献