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111.
Max Visser 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1994,30(1):43-52
This article examines the development of psychologically oriented voting behavior research between 1939–1964. It intends to show the psychological basis of the Columbia and Michigan approaches and its implications for the analysis of electoral behavior. It is argued that, in spite of the large differences commonly perceived between these two approaches, there is much similarity between them, both with regard to their psychological roots as to their principal conclusions. 相似文献
112.
A two-week summer institute sponsored by Plans for Progress, encompassing company visitations and scheduled campus speakers augmented by seminar discussions, provided significant improvement in counselors' perceptions of industry expectations and requirements. A perspective on the amount and accuracy of company knowledge held by vocational counselors was obtained by administering the questionnaire used in the Plans for Progress Institute to a group of undergraduate campus leaders and two expectedly biased “in” groups earning degrees in business administration. The counselors were found to be as knowledgeable as mature MBA students working full time in industry and significantly more informed than undergraduates majoring in business administration as well as undergraduate student leaders. 相似文献
113.
Emphasis in historiography of science is naturally placed on the discoveries and inventions which scientists make and generally
less on new methods of doing science, but sometimes the latter can he an important clue to help us understand the former.
For example, while we all acknowledge how great the contributions of Maxwell, Boltzmann, Planck, and Einstein were to physics
from roughly 1870 to 1920, we often overlook the significance of a methodological phrase which was popular during that same
period, namely, what in German was called “Bildtheorie” or in English “picture theory”. But even before we can properly study
its significance we have to know what the theory was, but even this presents problems, since the meaning changed. In fact,
this paper is an attempt not only to describe the history of that change from Maxwell to Wittgenstein but to study in particular
how Boltzmann’s conception of Bildtheorie seems to have been at least partly incorporated into the approach of Ludwig Wittgenstein.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
114.
Maretha J. Visser 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2004,14(6):436-454
The implementation of a peer support project in 13 schools from a disadvantaged background is discussed using the social ecological, systems and social construction theory as a theoretical guide in action research. The goal was to establish an alternative helping system in schools that was sustainable within the school system. In the implementation of peer support attention was given to the integration of the project into the existing context; encouraging participation on all levels, facilitating change and creating shared meanings, supporting the process of reorganizing and restructuring and providing feedback to facilitate further change. From a process evaluation of the programme implementation challenges in the implementation process were identified and recommendations made that could contribute to the optimal functioning and sustainability of the project to address the needs of learners and enhance well being in the school community. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
115.
If an irrelevant visual event, such as a nonpredictive cue, is presented prior to a target, performance is impaired when the target appears at the cued location relative to when it is presented at an uncued location. This phenomenon, referred to as inhibition of return, can be found at multiple spatial locations when each is cued in succession. The present study examined the effect of successively cuing the same spatial location. Results suggested that additional inhibition occurred when more than one cue appeared at a single location at longer intercue intervals, but not at shorter intervals. These findings suggest that total inhibition to respond to targets at a spatial location reflects a summation of facilitatory and inhibitory factors generated by the presentation of each cue. 相似文献
116.
Lindsey Clark Levitan Penny S. Visser 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(5):1057-1067
Recent evidence suggests that people who are embedded within attitudinally congruent social networks have stronger attitudes than those embedded in attitudinally diverse networks. The current research examines the causal processes responsible for this relation. Two studies capitalized on naturally occurring experiments whereby college students are quasi-randomly assigned to social contexts containing varying levels of attitudinal diversity. Replicating past research, individuals in attitudinally diverse social networks exhibited less resistance to attitude change and less attitude stability than those in more attitudinally congruent networks. Although there was evidence of attitude projection and selective network construction, neither of these processes could account for the relation between social network composition and attitude strength. These findings corroborate and extend previous results, reinforcing the notion that the social context in which people are embedded has important implications for the durability of their attitudes. 相似文献
117.
Dutilh Gilles Annis Jeffrey Brown Scott D. Cassey Peter Evans Nathan J. Grasman Raoul P. P. P. Hawkins Guy E. Heathcote Andrew Holmes William R. Krypotos Angelos-Miltiadis Kupitz Colin N. Leite Fábio P. Lerche Veronika Lin Yi-Shin Logan Gordon D. Palmeri Thomas J. Starns Jeffrey J. Trueblood Jennifer S. van Maanen Leendert van Ravenzwaaij Don Vandekerckhove Joachim Visser Ingmar Voss Andreas White Corey N. Wiecki Thomas V. Rieskamp Jörg Donkin Chris 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(4):1051-1069
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into... 相似文献
118.
When two targets are embedded in a temporal stream of distractors, second-target identification is initially impaired and then gradually improves as intertarget interval lengthens (attentional blink; AB). According to bottleneck models of the AB, difficulty of first-target processing should modulate the magnitude of the second-target deficit. To test this, we examined whether a data-limited manipulation of T1 difficulty (forward masking) would modulate AB magnitude. In two experiments, we show that data-limited manipulations of T1 difficulty do affect the AB, so long as T1 is not masked by an immediately trailing distractor. When such a trailing item is present, the relationship between T1 difficulty and the AB disappears. 相似文献
119.
Decades of research on visual perception has uncovered many phenomena, such as binocular rivalry, backward masking, and the attentional blink, that reflect ‘failures of consciousness’. Although stimuli do not reach awareness in these paradigms, there is evidence that they nevertheless undergo semantic processing. Object substitution masking (OSM), however, appears to be the exception to this rule. In OSM, a temporally-trailing four-dot mask interferes with target perception, even though it has different contours from and does not spatially overlap with the target. Previous research suggests that OSM has an early locus, blocking the extraction of semantic information. Here, we refute this claim, showing implicit semantic perception in OSM using a target-mask priming paradigm. We conclude that semantic information suppressed via OSM can nevertheless guide behavior. 相似文献
120.
Becky L. Choma Beth A. Visser Julie A. Pozzebon Anthony F. Bogaert Michael A. Busseri Stanley W. Sadava 《Sex roles》2010,63(9-10):645-656
The purpose of the present research was to test the mediating roles of body shame and appearance anxiety in the relation between self-surveillance and self-esteem; and to investigate whether gender (male, female) and stereotypical gender roles (masculinity, femininity) moderated the proposed mediation model. Canadian undergraduate university men and women (n?=?198) completed measures of self-surveillance, gender, gender roles, body shame, appearance anxiety, and self-esteem. Regression analyses demonstrated that greater self-surveillance predicted lower self-esteem, and this relation was fully mediated by body shame and appearance anxiety. With the exception of masculinity interacting with self-surveillance to predict body shame and appearance anxiety, neither gender nor stereotypical gender roles moderated the proposed paths. Implications are discussed. 相似文献