一个维特根斯坦主义者眼中的框架问题

框架问题的核心命意乃是：在对智能体的行动进行表征之时,如何能够在有效地表征出行动的效果之时,避免对于其非效果的表征？对于符号主义路数的人工智能研究来说,框架问题的确非常棘手,因为它的存在使得对于行动的知识刻画必须引入大量的框架公理,并由此使得系统的计算负荷剧增。从历史上看,人工智能界赖以解决这个问题的基本路径主要有两条。第一条是诉诸于＂关于惯性的常识律＂或缺省逻辑,即在行动表征中预设：没有被表征式牵涉到的＂世界其余部分＂都将保持惯性。另一条路径则采纳了海耶斯的＂素朴物理学＂表征方案,即试图把日常物理学知识全部用谓词逻辑公理化,让系统自动推算出哪些动作会导致哪些结果。本文将论证,这两条道路其实都走不通。在此基础上,本文将从维特根斯坦的《论确定性》中寻找灵感,建立一个关于信念网动力学模型——在这个模型中,某些知识节点的激发只会导致某些与之毗邻的节点的激发,因此,对于特定问题求解路径的表征,就能够避免对于一个更大范围内的知识网络的牵涉。框架问题也有望借助于这个模型得到解决。最后,我将利用＂非公理推演系统＂（NARS）为这个模型提供一种尽量逼真的工程学模拟。     

个体心理模式对慢性疾病预后的探讨

21世纪,慢性疾病逐渐成为威胁人类健康的重要原因。然而其预后一直不理想,对慢性疾病患者的心理模式进行了分析,结合工作实际,提出慢性疾病患者如何看待疾病和自身———有意识的或无意识的———在很大程度上决定了疾病的预后。     

医疗／医院伦理委员会

日前,我们收到联合国教育、科学及文化组织科学与技术伦理司编写的《指南1:生命伦理委员会》、《指南2:生命伦理委员会的运作:程序与政策》的中、英文文本,其内容涉及生命伦理委员会面临的挑战与任务,国家、地区、地方、行业、医院、科研机构的伦理委员会,生命伦理委员会的运作程序与决策等。为促进我国生命(医学)伦理委员会的发展与提高,我们特选择其中一些内容的中英文文本,于本刊陆续发表。     

科研伦理委员会(REC)

1背景 (1)生物学、生物医学和行为学研究中动物的使用 用动物做研究在道德方面一直并将继续存在争议.生命伦理学的辩论主要是基于动物承受的痛苦和折磨以及夭折,尤其是灵长类动物.     

科研伦理委员会(REC)(续)

2目的 (1)帮助(a)各研究伦理委员会的主席和成员,(b)生命科学的研究员以及生物医学、行为学和流行病学的研究员,(c)媒体专业人士以及(d)基层公众了解并认可构成管理动物或人体试验研究指引及条例的政策和生命伦理学概念,如果这些指引和条例存在的话.     

The Code of Ethics of The National Society of Genetic Counselors

This document is the revised Code of Ethics of the National Society of Genetic Counselors that was adopted in January 2006 after majority vote of the full members of the NSGC. The explication of the revisions is published in this volume of the Journal of Genetic Counseling. This is the third revision to the Code of Ethics since its original adoption in 1992.     

Competence to make treatment decisions in anorexia nervosa: thinking processes and values

This paper explores the ethical and conceptual implications of the findings from an empirical study of decision-making capacity in anorexia nervosa. In the study, ten female patients aged 13 to 21 years with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, and eight sets of parents, took part in semi-structured interviews. The purpose of the interviews was to identify aspects of thinking that might be relevant to the issue of competence to refuse treatment. All the patient participants were also tested using the MacCAT-T test of competence. This is a formalised, structured interviewer-administered test of competence, which is a widely accepted clinical tool for determining capacity. The young women also completed five brief self-administered questionnaires to assess their levels of psychopathology.The issues identified from the interviews are described under two headings: difficulties with thought processing, and changes in values. The results suggest that competence to refuse treatment may be compromised in people with anorexia nervosa in ways that are not captured by traditional legal approaches or current standardised tests of competence.     

There is no such thing as environmental ethics

Engineers and scientists, whose professional responsibilities often influence the natural environment, have sought to develop an environmental ethic that will be in tune with their attitudes toward the non-human environment, and that will assist them in decision making regarding questions of environmental quality. In this paper the classical traditions in normative ethics are explored in an attempt to formulate such an environmental ethic. I conclude, however, that because the discipline of ethics is directed at person-person interactions, ethics as a scholarly discipline does not help us understand how we ought to treat non-human nature. We therefore cannot look to ethics as a source for understanding our attitudes and for providing guidance to our actions with regard to the environment. To do so is to ask too much of ethics. If we are to find an acceptable environmental morality, it must come from a new paradigm. One approach might be to understand our attitudes on the basis of spirituality, modeled after animistic religions.     

德鲁克医院管理思想研究

德鲁克医院管理思想主要有:医院管理与企业管理没有多大差异;医疗保健是21世纪增长最快、最需要管理的部门;医疗服务需要合理组织及团队精神;评价医疗服务质量的标准是"最佳";医院要实施目标管理并不断致力于变革,通过"专业化"提高效率和效益;医院管理者与员工之间是伙伴关系;信息技术对医疗服务有深刻的影响;医院应实行"职业化"管理.