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421.
A previous study of recall of letter strings by good and poor beginning readers IShankweiler, Liberman, Mark, Fowler, & Fischer, 1979 revealed that the performance of good readers was more severely penalized than that of poor readers when the letter names rhymed. To determine whether the differences in susceptibility to phonetic interference extend to materials that more closely resemble actual text, we designed an experiment to test recall of phonetically controlled sentences and word strings. As in the case of letter recall, we found that, although good readers made fewer errors than poor readers when sentences or word strings contained no rhyming words, they did not excel when the materials contained many rhyming words. In contrast to manipulations of phonetic content, systematic manipulations of meaningfulness and variations in syntactic structure did not differentially affect the two reading groups. We conclude that the poor readers’ inferior recall of phonetically nonconfusable sentences, word strings, and letter strings reflects failure to make full use of phonetic coding in working memory. 相似文献
422.
Data from a longitudinal study of postbaccalaureate nursing careers are discussed in the context of the motive-to-avoid-success controversy. Two groups of nurses with continuous work histories were intensively studied. While most had experienced upward professional mobility, a significant minority had lateral careers, which, though not characterized by advancement, typically provide rewards of intensification. Further, lateral careers only occurred in specialties allowing a high degree of professional autonomy. Thus, upward mobility and advancement should not be the sole criteria of women's occupational progress. Alternative conceptions of success may be significant in many occupations, although such beliefs may not serve as viable substitutes for professional autonomy and the opportunity for personal development. Lateral movement may also characterize most men's work lives more aptly than descent or ascent; hence the findings underscore the necessity to rethink the image of movement in both male and female work spheres.The research upon which this paper is based was supported by a grant from the Nursing Resources Division, USPHS (Grant NU-004-94-03) for the study of Post-Baccalaureate Careers in Nursing, Fred Davis and Virginia Olesen, Principal Investigators, Ellen Lewin, Assistant Project Director. This article was originally presented as a paper at the Pacific Sociological Association meetings, Sacramento, California, April 1977, where the panel commentator, Sheryl Ruzek, provided useful comments on the essay. Jane Tabata Usami provided a very helpful bibliographic search and other technical assistance. 相似文献
423.
Virginia Staudt Sexton 《Psychological research》1980,42(1-2):39-47
Summary Edward Aloysius Pace, pioneer of experimental psychology among American Catholics, was the first American Catholic and the first Catholic priest to study with Wilhelm Wundt. Upon his return from Leipzig, where he received his PhD in 1891, he established a psychological laboratory and department of psychology at the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. This department became the model for most of the early departments of psychology at Catholic colleges and universities as well as the training center of many teachers who staffed the new departments at these Catholic colleges and universities. From Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, the experimental psychology of Wundt radiated to Catholic circles throughout the United States.The best account of Pace's life is to be found in Hart C (ed), Aspects of the New Scholastic Philosophy (New York: Benziger 1932, pp 1–9); a series of philosophical essays dedicated to Pace by the American Philosophical Association on the occasion of his seventieth birthday 相似文献
424.
Virginia M. Johnson 《Journal of School Psychology》1980,18(3):191-202
To determine the factors that influence placement recommendations, 356 working school psychologists evaluated nine psychological reports on special educational referral cases. The reports presented various combinations of IQ-level, emotional-social problems, and IQ-achievement discrepancies which were hypothesized to yield EMR, LD, and ED placement recommendations. It was found that when one of these characteristics was present at a greater level of severity than the others, predictable placement recommendations were made. In more complex combinations, however, no general decision-rules could be found to explain the recommendations. 相似文献
425.
Susan Brady Donald Shankweiler Virginia Mann 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1983,35(2):345-367
Previous work has demonstrated that children who are poor readers have short-term memory deficits in tasks in which the stimuli lend themselves to phonetic coding. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the poor readers' memory dificit may have its origin in perception with the encoding of the stimuli. Three experiments were conducted with third grade good and poor readers. As in earlier experiments, the poor readers were found to perform less well on recall of random word strings and to be less affected by the phonetic characteristics (rhyming or not rhyming) of the items (Experiment 1). In addition, the poor readers produced more errors of transposition (in the nonrhyming strings) than did the good readers, a further indication of the poor readers' problems with memory for order. The subjects were tested on two auditory perception tasks, one employing words (Experiment 2) and the other nonspeech environmental sounds (Experiment 3). Each was presented under two conditions: with a favorable signal-to-noise ratio and with masking. The poor readers made significantly more errors than the good readers when listening to speech in noise, but did not differ in perception of speech without noise or in perception of nonspeech environmental sounds, whether noise-masked or not. Together, the results of the perception studies suggest that poor readers have a perceptual difficulty that is specific to speech. It is suggested that the short-term memory deficits characteristic of poor readers may stem from material-specific problems of perceptual processing. 相似文献
426.
Diana Pace Virginia Lee Stamler Elizabeth Yarris Lee June 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(4):321-325
This article discusses the present realities of college and university counseling centers as the bases for proposing a more adaptive and interactive model of the original Cube developed by W. H. Morrill, E, R. Oetting, and J. C. Hurst (1974). The article conceptualizes an evolved model of the Cube, here termed the global model, which allows counseling centers to function, in light of current and future demands, with greater flexibility, interdependency, and collaboration vis-á-vis the campus community. 相似文献
427.
Catherine Stanger Virginia V. MacDonald Stephanie H. McConaughy Thomas M. Achenbach 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1996,24(5):597-614
This study sought to identify which syndromes of initial problems predicted later syndromes among children and youths referred for mental health services. Standardized parent reports on the Child Behavior Checklist obtained at intake were compared to standardized parent, teacher, and self-reports obtained at follow-up. There were 1,103 subjects (774 males and 329 females) 4 to 18 years old, followed up an average of 6 years after referral. High quantitative and categorical stability was found for cross-informant syndromes within samples of younger and older subjects. Throughout childhood and into young adulthood, parent ratings of most syndromes at the time of referral predicted the counterpart cross-informant syndrome construct at follow-up, controlling for other types of problems at referral. There were multiple additional independent predictors of many syndromes, including Delinquent Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, and Shows Off for young adult males. Time 1 Social Problems and Attention Problems independently predicted diverse problems at Time 2 for younger males. A wide variety of problems also predicted younger males' self-ratings of withdrawal, anxiety, and depression. The stability of problems for the referred sample was similar to that found for demographically matched nonreferred subjects drawn from a national sample.This work was supported by NIMH grants MH40305 and MH46093 and University Medical Education Associates, a nonprofit corporation of the University of Vermont College of Medicine.We are grateful to Edward Handy, M.S. for making available the records from the branch clinic. 相似文献
428.
We examined 2-year recall of reports of lifetime symptomatology and substance use questions on the K-SADS-E in a sample of offspring at high and low risk for depression. Comparisons were made between those who forgot and those who remembered reports of screening symptoms made at the initial interview. In general, recall for symptoms of internalizing disorders (depression and anxiety disorder) was much worse than recall for symptoms of externalizing disorders (conduct disorder and substance use). Less than two-thirds of those initially meeting the lifetime depression screening criteria provided reports which met the lifetime screening criteria at followup. Significant correlates of screening criteria recall included the following variables (measured at the initial interview): history of treatment for any disorder, impairment on the GAS (a score less than 61), and the presence of hypersomnia and suicidal symptoms (thoughts or ideation). Logistic regression suggested that a prior report of suicidal symptoms (including thoughts, ideation, or behavior) was the most important correlate of screen recall.This research was supported in part by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (grant R29DA07995), the National Institute of Mental Health (grant P50MH43878-03) and from the University of Illinois Campus Research Board. The authors would like to thank Dr. Myrna Weissman for making the data available and acknowledge the data analytic assistance provided by Yanchun Xu. 相似文献
429.
K. Ann Coleman Johanna T. Dwyer Virginia A. Casey 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1994,13(3):233-240
The ability of middle-aged adults to recall their body size and events occurring up to 40 years earlier was assessed. Ninety-one
subjects recalled their relative height, weight, and fatness during childhood, early adolescence and late adolescence. Accuracy
of these memories was compared with the accuracy of current reports. The ability to accurately date benchmarks of their maturation
such as menarche and year of maximal growth in height was also examined. Accuracy of reports did not decline uniformly over
time. In general, reports of childhood physical characteristics were at least as accurate as reports of current characteristics;
that is, they did not differ significantly from current reports. Males were less accurate in their reports of relative height
and fatness during early adolescence and childhood.
This project has been funded at least in part with federal funds from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service under contract number 53-3K06-5-10. The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views or policies
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement
by the U.S. Government. 相似文献
430.
Although the Atkinson and Birch (1970) dynamics of action model of behavior is included in many textbooks, the details of the model are left out. To facilitate the teaching of the full theory, the conceptual model is outlined, research findings are reviewed, and a simulation model using STELLA-II is presented. STELLA-II, an icon-based program, provides a visual representation of the model that students can follow, with graphical and tabular output and animation of the rise and fall of parameter values. 相似文献