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81.
82.
This paper describes the development of a psychometric measure of indirect aggression for use in an adult population. Items were generated from a series of qualitative interviews. Two versions of the scale were developed; the Indirect Aggression Scale Aggressor version (IAS‐A) and Target version (IAS‐T). Both versions of the scale were administered to separate samples (nA=294; nT=294). Scales were analysed using item analysis of internal consistency, as well as exploratory factor analysis. Both versions were found to have the same consistent three sub‐scales: social exclusion, use of malicious humour, and guilt induction. Preliminary psychometric evaluation suggests that the scales are both sufficiently reliable (with Cronbach's alphas ranging from .81 to .89) and valid. There were no gender differences in either using or being the victim of indirect aggression, and the behaviour was significantly negatively correlated with age. Future validation and potential usage of the measures are discussed. Aggress. Behav. 31:1–14, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
83.
Perception of Faces and Bodies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
84.
Tiffany L. Cox Jamy D. Ard T. Mark Beasley Jose R. Fernandez Virginia J. Howard Ronnete L. Kolotkin Ross D. Crosby Olivia Affuso 《Applied research in quality of life》2012,7(3):309-322
Obesity not only increases risk for morbidity/mortality, but also impacts the quality of life of obese individuals. In the United States, black women have the highest prevalence of obesity of any other group with approximately 80% of black women over age 20 having a body mass index (BMI)????25?kg/m2. We aimed to examine the association between BMI and quality of life in this high risk population compared to this association in white women, using the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL)-Lite questionnaire. Data from 172 black women (mean BMI?=?35.7; age?=?40.5) and 171 white women (mean BMI?=?35.5; age?=?40.4) were collected between 2000 and 2010 analyzed in 2010. The mean IWQOL-Lite total score was 81.6 for black women compared to 66.9 for white women, a statistically significant difference. Hierarchical linear regression models revealed a significant BMI-by-race interaction indicating that the relationship between BMI and IWQOL-Lite score was moderated by race. Our findings suggest notable differences in weight-related quality of life in black and white women. At similar BMIs, black women consistently reported better quality of life than white women on all IWQOL-Lite subscales. The greatest difference in IWQOL-Lite scores between black and white women was seen in the self-esteem subscale. Additional research is needed to understand how to incorporate the weight perspectives of black women into weight management messages and interventions. 相似文献
85.
86.
We aimed to determine the developmental trajectory for the 'thin ideal' by evaluating discrepancies in objective ratings of female body attractiveness and normality in a sample of children and adults. One hundred and sixty Australian middle class male and female participants from four different age groups (range: 4-26 years) viewed sets of photos depicting female bodies that varied systematically on the dimension of width. Six photo sets were presented. Participants ranked three sets according to their perceptions of body normality and ranked the other three sets in terms of body attractiveness. Results indicated that for all age groups, attractiveness ratings were significantly thinner than normality ratings. These findings indicate that the thin ideal is already present in primary school children and remains stable into adulthood, with concerning implications for body dissatisfaction and related disorders. Further research is required to clarify the developmental origins of preferences for thinner-than-normal female bodies. 相似文献
87.
The theoretical limits to the amount of error, or the Cramer-Rao bounds, were derived for estimating psychometric functions. These theoretical error bounds were compared with the variability of psychometric functions estimated from human as well as computer-simulated observers. For the simulated observers, due to the limited efficiency of the sampling strategies, including the placement of the signals and the distribution of the trials, the variances of the estimated parameters are seven times the theoretical bound for threshold and 22 times that for slope. For the human observers, the variance is 18 times the theoretical bounds for threshold and 80 times that for slope. Therefore, a major portion of the variances (60% for threshold and 73% for slope) for the human observers is associated with factors other than sampling strategies. Further improvement of the accuracy for estimating psychometric functions will depend on not only optimizing the sampling strategy, but also better understanding the various sources of error related to the behavior of human observers. 相似文献
88.
Ackerman ML Vance DE Wadley VG Ball KK 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2010,13(5):307-314
These secondary analyses were conducted to identify predictors of self-rated driving ability over three years in community-dwelling older adults. From the Staying Keen in Later Life (SKILL) study, baseline and 3-year follow-up data for 426 older drivers were analyzed. Health, visual, physical, psychological and cognitive abilities were examined as prospective predictors of self-rated driving ability over a 3-year period, controlling for baseline self-rated driving. Results indicated that lower baseline ratings of self-efficacy and a diagnosis of osteoporosis independently predicted lower self-rated driving ability at 3-year follow-up. Interestingly, functional performance, such as visual, physical and cognitive abilities, were not predictive of self-ratings of driving ability across three years. Older drivers' self-ratings are more reflective of perceived self-efficacy rather than functional abilities. Self-screening tools for older drivers may be effective in improving the correspondence between perceived ability and actual ability in order to promote better informed decisions about driving regulation. 相似文献
89.
Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros Virginia Fernández Laura Cobo Giovanna Caprara Juan Botella 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(4):517-521
Age differences in emotional experience are assessed through self-report scales or questionnaires referring to a specific
period of varying length, and examining different parameters of emotional response. A recent meta-analysis suggests that the
type of instrument and parameter used could account for some of the inconsistencies in the results. The present study shows
comparisons between emotional experience in samples of younger (N = 120, aged 20–27) and older (N = 103, aged 55–75) participants. An Emotional Self-Monitoring record was administered every day for a week. The results show
that emotional expression was highly stable over time. However, they also show that some theoretical assumptions about individual
age differences in emotional experience and age depend on the parameters on which the analysis is based (occurrence, frequency
and intensity, and emotional balance). 相似文献
90.
Visualizing spatial material is a cornerstone of human problem solving, but human visualization capacity is sharply limited. To investigate the sources of this limit, we developed a new task to measure visualization accuracy for verbally-described spatial paths (similar to street directions), and implemented a computational process model to perform it. In this model, developed within the Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) architecture, visualization capacity is limited by three mechanisms. Two of these (associative interference and decay) are longstanding characteristics of ACT-R’s declarative memory. A third (spatial interference) is a new mechanism motivated by spatial proximity effects in our data. We tested the model in two experiments, one with parameter-value fitting, and a replication without further fitting. Correspondence between model and data was close in both experiments, suggesting that the model may be useful for understanding why visualizing new, complex spatial material is so difficult. 相似文献