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251.
Two experiments yielded further evidence for the black sheep effect (Marques, Yzerbyt and by ens, 1988). In the first experiment, 66 subjects were presented with two good or two poor speeches, one supposedly made by an ingroup member and the other supposedly made by an outgroup member. In the second experiment, 37 subjects were presented with one good and one poor speech supposedly made either by two ingroup members or by two outgroup members. The black sheep effect was predicted and found in both experiments: subjects over-evaluated likeable ingroup members and under-evaluated unlikeable ingroup members as compared to equally likeable and unlikeable outgroup members. Collapsing the data of the two experiments suggests that social comparison may be performed, in purely symbolic terms, against a cognitive standard of positivity rather than an outgroup present in the judgmental situation. The emergence of the predicted effect when strongly individualized information was presented in inter- as well as in intra-group situations supports the robustness of the black sheep effect. 相似文献
252.
The purpose of the present article was to demonstrate a systemic treatment of depression for a 70 year-old woman. In this treatment, other family members were unavailable, but a family therapy systems perspective was used throughout. Results of the demonstration ABAB single case design and two year followup were suggestive of treatment effectiveness in decreasing depression. The need for additional replication of the study was noted. 相似文献
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Michael A. Melton Timothy D. Van Sickle Michel Hersen Vincent B. Van Hasselt 《Journal of Clinical Geropsychology》1999,5(3):203-213
A single-case analysis was carried out to study the nonpharmacological treatment of post-stroke anxiety in an older adult male. The intervention consisted of a biofeedback-assisted program of autogenic training; efficacy was demonstrated using multiple discontinuations and reinstatements of treatment. Physiological indices and self-report measures of anxiety and depression documented treatment success, although a moderate increase in fear was evident on the Fear Survey Schedule II at the final follow-up assessment. 相似文献
257.
Baer, Wolf and Risley's (1968) dimensions of applied behavior analysis are used as an organizing framework to review and discuss current research on the application of behavioral principles to the solution of social problems faced by older adults. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
258.
Contribution of ankle, knee, and hip joints to the perception threshold for support surface rotation
Normand Teasdale Vincent Nougier Pierre-Alain Barraud Christophe Bourdin Bettina Debû Didier Poquin Christian Raphel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1999,61(4):615-624
The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the extent to which subjects can perceive, at very slow velocities, an angular rotation of the support surface about the medio-lateral axis of the ankle, knee, hip, or neck joint when visual cues are not available. Subjects were passively displaced on a slowly rotating platform at .01, .03, and .05 deg/sec. The subjects’ task was to detect movements of the platform in four different postural conditions allowing body oscillations about the ankle, knee, hip, or neck joint. In Experiment 1, subjects had to detect backward and forward rotation (pitching). In Experiment 2, they had to detect left and right rotations of the platform (rolling). In Experiment 3, subjects had to detect both backward/forward and left/right rotations of the platform, with the body fixed and the head either fixed or free to move. Overall, when the body was free to oscillate about the ankle, knee, or hip joints, a similar threshold for movement perception was observed. This threshold was lower for rolling than for pitching. Interestingly, in these postural conditions, an unconscious compensation in the direction opposite to the platform rotation was observed on most trials. The threshold for movement perception was much higher when the head was the only segment free to oscillate about the neck joint. These results suggest that, in static conditions, the otoliths are poor detectors of the direction of gravity forces. They also suggest that accurate perception of body orientation is improved when proprioceptive information can be dynamically integrated. 相似文献
259.
J. J. Furedy O. Algan A. Vincent S. Demirgoren S. Pogun 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1999,34(4):219-226
In a two-day, two-session experiment where smokers male and female college-student subjects worked on a cognitive verbal task
during either the first or second day, and on a cognitive spatial task on the second or first day, smoking was manipulated
as an acute independent variable by requiring 10+ hours of pre-experimental abstention, and providing a cigarette during the
15-minute rest period between the two sessions. Non-smoker female and male subjects underwent the same experiment, and hence
served as controls for the effects of this acute-smoking manipulation. Overall adaptation (decreased arousal) to the experiment
was manifested in a significant increase in skin resistance level (SRL) in all subjects, but when this adaptation effect was
statistically controlled, there was a significant smokers by sex interaction during the verbal task only, such that SRL was
increased by the cigarette in males, but decreased in females. In contrast, the same analysis indicated only a marked increase
in heart-rate (HR) due to smoking, which was unaffected either by sex or by whether the task was the verbal or the (easier)
spatial one. We interpret the SRL results as reflecting a sex difference in the direction of transient psychological arousal,
and discuss it in relation to evidence in the literature based on self reports, and to evidence (based on HR in this study
and on blood pressure in other studies) on physiological (cardiovascular) arousal. 相似文献
260.
Psycholinguistic evidence is reported supporting the proposal from theoretical linguistics that the D-structure representation of English copular sentences likeJohn is a fool, The man is happy, etc., is [S [NP e] [vp BE [sc NP XP]]], containing a small clause (SC), rather than [s NP [vp BE XP]], in other words, thatbe is a raising verb. Response times to lexical targets following unaccusative, passive, intransitive, and transitive sentences were compared with response times to lexical targets following corresponding copular sentences. A raising analysis of copular sentences specifies a post-verbal NP-trace of the (raised) NP subject at S-structure. This trace should facilitate the response time to a post-sentence presentation of the head noun of the subject NP, causing copular sentence response times to pattern with the response times for corresponding unaccusatives and passives, which also contain such traces. A traditional nonraising analysis specifies no trace at S-structure. Response times to copular sentences should then pattern with corresponding intransitives and transitives, which also do not contain traces. The observed response-time patterns confirmed the raising analysis.This study was conducted at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf at Rochester Institute of Technology, in the course of an agreement with the U.S. Department of Education. 相似文献