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211.
Julia M. H. Birchenough Robert Davies Vincent Connelly 《Behavior research methods》2017,49(2):484-501
Words that have been learned early in life are responded to faster than words that have been acquired later. Subjective ratings of acquisition ages have been successfully employed to study the effect of age of acquisition (AoA). Although a large number of norms exist in many languages, fewer are available for German. Therefore, subjective AoA ratings for 3,259 German words were collected online, including 2,363 nouns and 473 verbs. These words were presented in lists of 140 words, and participants rated the age in years at which they had first learned each word. A split-half correlation testified to a high internal reliability. There were also high correlations with rated AoA values for subsets of the items that had been collected in previous studies, in both German and English. Age and gender were found to influence the ratings very weakly, in that older and male participants tended to give slightly higher age ratings. Education, multilingualism, and frequent usage of languages other than German did not exert an influence on the rating values. These new ratings will extend the currently existing norms available for language and reading research across languages and will provide researchers with a wider choice of word stimuli. The ratings are available expressed in two measurements: age in years, and AoA rated on a 7-point Likert scale. 相似文献
212.
In this article, we explore the debate on corporate citizenship and the role of business in global governance. In the debate on political corporate social responsibility it is assumed that under globalization business is taking up a greater political role. Apart from economic responsibilities firms assume political responsibilities taking up traditional governmental tasks such as regulation of business and provision of public goods. We contrast this with a subsidiarity-based approach to governance, in which firms are seen as intermediate actors who have political co-responsibilities in society endowed upon them by (inter)national governmental institutions. We argue that both approaches face conceptual and empirical problems, and do not make clear the content and scope of political corporate responsibility. Based on Iris Marion Young’s account of political responsibility we argue that corporate actors and governmental actors have a shared responsibility to tackle societal problems. Taking political corporate responsibility not only entails engaging in private action or engaging in public–private partnerships, but it also includes aiding governmental actors to remedy injustice or even create public institutions where they do not yet exist. By adding this perspective we contribute to the debate on responsibility in corporate citizenship and clarify the political role business can play in global governance. 相似文献
213.
This case study was designed to investigate the forms of sharing on a soccer team during matches. Specifically, we focused on how objectives and contextual information were shared between players during offensive transition situations. Data were collected and processed using a procedure for psycho-phenomenological analysis (Vermersch, 2012). The results describe how the changing relationships between objective and contextual information sharing affected team coordination. We discuss the factors underlying the emergence of these forms of sharing and how they changed (i.e., the level of interdependence between players' actions), and we offer soccer coaches some practical applications. 相似文献
214.
215.
Nyp SS Barone VJ Kruger T Garrison CB Robertsen C Christophersen ER 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(1):181-185
We evaluated the effects of feedback and instruction on resident physician performance during developmental surveillance of infants at 2-month preventive care visits. Baseline data were obtained by videotaping 3 residents while they performed the physical and developmental exam components. Training consisted of individualized feedback and a brief instructional module, after which the residents were again videotaped while they performed preventive care visits. All 3 residents showed improved performance following training. 相似文献
216.
Wolff NJ Darlington AS Hunfeld JA Tharner A Van Ijzendoorn MH Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Moll HA Jaddoe VW Hofman A Verhulst FC Passchier J Tiemeier H 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(2):293-302
Objective
This study examined the effects of attachment and temperament on infant distress during venipuncture.Method
The study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a prospective population-based study. Two different research procedures (i.e., blood sampling and the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure) yielded measures of venipuncture distress and attachment security and disorganization in 246 infants aged 14 months. Four temperament traits (distress to limitations, fear, recovery from distress, and sadness) were assessed using the maternally reported Infant Behavior Questionnaire - Revised, at the age of 6 months.Results
There were no differences between mean levels of distress during venipuncture in infants classified as having insecure attachment, but there was a trend for disorganized attachment. The temperament traits were not related to distress. However, children with a disorganized attachment and higher temperamental fear had more venipuncture distress.Conclusion
When different risk factors are present simultaneously, infant distress is heightened. 相似文献217.
218.
219.
Pauline W. Jansen Hein Raat Johan P. Mackenbach Vincent W. V. Jaddoe Albert Hofman Floor V. van Oort Frank C. Verhulst Henning Tiemeier 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1151-1164
In many societies the prevalence of behavioural problems in school-aged children varies by national origin. We examined the association between national origin and behavioural problems in 1½-year-old children. Data on maternal national origin and the Child Behavior Checklist for toddlers (n?=?4943) from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands were used. Children from various non-Dutch backgrounds all had a significantly higher mean behavioural problem score. After adjustment for family risk factors, like family income and maternal psychopathology, the differences attenuated, but remained statistically significant. Non-Dutch mothers with immigration risk factors, such as older age at immigration or no good Dutch language skills, reported significantly more behavioural problems in their offspring. In conclusion, the present study indicated more behavioural problems in immigrant toddlers from various backgrounds. Researchers and policymakers aiming to tackle disparities in behavioural problems should take into account that risks associated with national origin are intertwined with unfavourable family and immigration characteristics. 相似文献
220.
W. Todd Maddox Brian D. Glass Jeffrey B. O’Brien J. Vincent Filoteo F. Gregory Ashby 《Psychological research》2010,74(2):219-236
The category shift literature suggests that rule-based classification, an important form of explicit learning, is mediated
by two separate learned associations: a stimulus-to-label association that associates stimuli and category labels, and a label-to-response
association that associates category labels and responses. Three experiments investigate whether information–integration classification,
an important form of implicit learning, is also mediated by two separate learned associations. Participants were trained on
a rule-based or an information–integration categorization task and then the association between stimulus and category label,
or between category label and response location was altered. For rule-based categories, and in line with previous research,
breaking the association between stimulus and category label caused more interference than breaking the association between
category label and response location. However, no differences in recovery rate emerged. For information–integration categories,
breaking the association between stimulus and category label caused more interference and led to greater recovery than breaking
the association between category label and response location. These results provide evidence that information–integration
category learning is mediated by separate stimulus-to-label and label-to-response associations. Implications for the neurobiological
basis of these two learned associations are discussed. 相似文献