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51.
Smith Elise Williams-Jones Bryn Master Zubin Larivière Vincent Sugimoto Cassidy R. Paul-Hus Adèle Shi Min Resnik David B. 《Science and engineering ethics》2020,26(4):1967-1993
Science and Engineering Ethics - Scientific authorship serves to identify and acknowledge individuals who “contribute significantly” to published research. However, specific authorship... 相似文献
52.
Observers' perceptions of the three-dimensional structure of smoothly curved surfaces defined by patterns of image shading were investigated under varying conditions of illumination. In five experiments, observers judged the global orientation and the motion of the simulated surfaces from both static and dynamic patterns of image shading. We found that perceptual performance was more accurate with static than with dynamic displays. Dynamic displays evoked systematic biases in perceptual performance when the surface and the illumination source were simulated as rotating in opposite directions. In these conditions, the surface was incorrectly perceived as rotating in the same direction as the illumination source. Conversely, the orientation of the simulated surfaces was perceived correctly when the frames making up the apparent-motion sequences of the dynamic displays were presented as static images. In Experiment 6, moreover, the results obtained with the computer-generated displays were replicated with solid objects. 相似文献
53.
54.
The present study was designed to develop a Body Modification Scale (BMS) to measure body change among adolescents and to modify an Excessive Exercise Scale (EES) into a shorter form for adolescents. Two hundred and twenty-one girls and 192 boys from Grades 7 to 10 completed the BMS and the EES. Factor analysis revealed three identical factors for the BMS for girls and boys: weight loss, weight gain, and muscle mass. Two identical factors for girls and boys were also revealed for the EES. Both factor structures were further validated on a separate sample of 286 adolescents (140 girls, 146 boys). The BMS and EES demonstrated excellent reliability (alpha > .86) and high test-retest reliability (alpha > .82) over 1 month. Good concurrent validity was also found for the weight loss factor of the BMS. These findings demonstrate the utility of these two scales for use with adolescents. 相似文献
55.
In Australia, the community response to sexual offenders is marked by uncertainty as to whether offenders should be incarcerated as punishment or provided treatment in order to reduce the likelihood of re-offense. The incarceration of sexual offenders results in particular management, ethical, and political issues. Nevertheless incarceration can provide leverage to encourage the offender to participate in treatment while delivering punishment for wrongdoing and acting to protect the community. In the state of Victoria the CORE Sex Offender Programs have developed a statewide strategy in the public correctional system in order to assess, manage, and treat male sexual offenders. However, such offenders are notoriously reluctant to engage in treatment to address offending behaviors. A critical element of the strategy has been the Victorian Adult Parole Board, an entity that can determine that an offender needs to engage in treatment before he is considered for parole. Using the therapeutic jurisprudence framework as outlined by Wexler (1990), strategies to minimize the anti-therapeutic effects of the Victorian Adult Parole Board and maximize the therapeutic effects of the CORE Sex Offender Programs are highlighted. 相似文献
56.
When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Procedures for examining whether treatment effects on an outcome are mediated and/or moderated have been well developed and are routinely applied. The mediation question focuses on the intervening mechanism that produces the treatment effect. The moderation question focuses on factors that affect the magnitude of the treatment effect. It is important to note that these two processes may be combined in informative ways, such that moderation is mediated or mediation is moderated. Although some prior literature has discussed these possibilities, their exact definitions and analytic procedures have not been completely articulated. The purpose of this article is to define precisely both mediated moderation and moderated mediation and provide analytic strategies for assessing each. 相似文献
57.
Judd CM James-Hawkins L Yzerbyt V Kashima Y 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2005,89(6):899-913
In seems there are two dimensions that underlie most judgments of traits, people, groups, and cultures. Although the definitions vary, the first makes reference to attributes such as competence, agency, and individualism, and the second to warmth, communality, and collectivism. But the relationship between the two dimensions seems unclear. In trait and person judgment, they are often positively related; in group and cultural stereotypes, they are often negatively related. The authors report 4 studies that examine the dynamic relationship between these two dimensions, experimentally manipulating the location of a target of judgment on one and examining the consequences for the other. In general, the authors' data suggest a negative dynamic relationship between the two, moderated by factors the impact of which they explore. 相似文献
58.
Prelingual deafness and developmental dyslexia have confounding developmental effects on reading acquisition. Therefore, standard reading assessment methods for diagnosing dyslexia in hearing people are ineffective for use with deaf people. Recently, Samar, Parasnis, and Berent (2002) reported visual evoked potential evidence that deaf poor readers, compared to deaf good readers, have dorsal stream visual system deficits like those previously found for hearing dyslexics. Here, we report new psychometric and psychophysical evidence that deficits in dorsal stream function, likely involving extrastriate area MT, are associated with relatively poor reading comprehension in deaf adults. Poorer reading comprehension within a group of 23 prelingually deaf adults was associated with lower scores on the Symbol Digit Modality Test, a perceptual speed test commonly used to help identify dyslexia in hearing people. Furthermore, coherent dot motion detection thresholds, which reflect the functional status of area MT, correlated negatively with reading scores in each visual quadrant. Elevated motion thresholds for deaf poor readers were not due to general cognitive differences in IQ but were specifically correlated with poor perceptual speed. With IQ controlled, a highly reliable right visual field advantage for coherent motion detection was found. Additional analyses suggested that the functional status of dorsal stream motion detection mechanisms in deaf people is related to reading comprehension, but the direction and strength of lateralization of those mechanisms is independent of reading comprehension. Our results generally imply that dyslexia is a hidden contributor to relatively poor reading skill within the deaf population and that assessment of dorsal stream function may provide a diagnostic biological marker for dyslexia in deaf people. 相似文献
59.
Coleman SL Brown VR Levine DS Mellgren RL 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(4):434-451
This article develops the cognitive—emotional forager (CEF) model, a novel application of a neural network to dynamical processes in foraging behavior. The CEF is based on a neural
network known as the gated dipole, introduced by Grossberg, which is capable of representing short-term affective reactions in a manner similar to Solomon
and Corbit’s (1974) opponent process theory. The model incorporates a trade-off between approach toward food and avoidance
of predation under varying levels of motivation induced by hunger. The results of simulations in a simple patch selection
paradigm, using a lifetime fitness criterion for comparison, indicate that the CEF model is capable of nearly optimal foraging
and outperforms a run-of-luck rule-of-thumb model. Models such as the one presented here can illuminate the underlying cognitive
and motivational components of animal decision making. 相似文献
60.
A proposal for the biological grounding of intrinsic teleology and sense-making through the theory of autopoiesis is critically
evaluated. Autopoiesis provides a systemic language for speaking about intrinsic teleology but its original formulation needs
to be elaborated further in order to explain sense-making. This is done by introducing adaptivity, a many-layered property
that allows organisms to regulate themselves with respect to their conditions of viability. Adaptivity leads to more articulated
concepts of behaviour, agency, sense-construction, health, and temporality than those given so far by autopoiesis and enaction.
These and other implications for understanding the organismic generation of values are explored. 相似文献