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591.
Stephen B. Fawcett Adrienne Paine-Andrews Vincent T. Francisco Jerry A. Schultz Kimber P. Richter Rhonda K. Lewis Ella L. Williams Kari J. Harris Jannette Y. Berkley Jacqueline L. Fisher Christine M. Lopez 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(5):677-697
Models of community empowerment help us understand the process of gaining influence over conditions that matter to people
who share neighborhoods, workplaces, experiences, or concerns. Such frameworks can help improve collaborative partnerships
for community health and development. First, we outline an interactive model of community empowerment that describes reciprocal
influences between personal or group factors and environmental factors in an empowerment process. Second, we describe an iterative
framework for the process of empowerment in community partnerships that includes collaborative planning, community action,
community change, capacity building, and outcomes, and adaptation, renewal, and institutionalization. Third, we outline activities
that are used by community leadership and support organizations to facilitate the process of community empowerment. Fourth,
we present case stories of collaborative partnerships for prevention of substance abuse among adolescents to illustrate selected
enabling activities. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities of facilitating empowerment with collaborative
partnerships for community health and development.
This work was supported by Kansas Health Foundation Grants 9206032B and 9206032A to support and evaluate community partnerships
to prevent adolescent substance abuse. Thanks to Tom Wolff for sharing his wisdom about community coalitions so generously,
and to Bill Berkowitz and anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this manuscrpt. We also thank
our colleagues from the Kansas Health Foundation, Mary K. Campuzano, Steve Coen, and Marni Vliet, and those from collaborating
communities, who continue to teach us about ways to enhance community capacities to address local concerns. 相似文献
592.
This study evaluated the effects of antecedent physical exercise (AE) and a mastery task on behaviorally disturbed children's self-concepts and rates of disruptive behaviors. In addition, we evaluated whether changes in self-concept mediated any exercise induced changes in rates of disruptive behavior. Fifty-eight children were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) antecedent exercise (jog/walk), (b) “mastery” task (a successive improvement miniaturebasketball shooting task), and (c) no treatment control group. A week of baseline was followed by 4 weeks of treatment and, finally another week of return to baseline. Results indicated that: (a) AE produced significantly less disruptive behavior than no treatment, (b) the “Mastery” task did not produce significantly less disruptive behavior than no treatment, (c) neither treatment produced increases in self-concept relative to no treatment, and (d) changes in self-concept did not mediate AE induced reductions in disruptive behaviors. 相似文献
593.
594.
A Vincent 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》1992,27(1):54-65
A stimulus leads to a cortical response (i.e., evoked potential [EP]) which may be recorded from electrodes attached to the scalp. However, background cortical activity, considered as noise (n), is typically of equal or greater magnitude than the response, which is considered as signal (s). This situation leads to the masking of the presence of the electrocortical signal. Two methods are described which enable the enhancement of the signal with respect to the noise. The first method outlined is time-domain averaging. Its relation to Fourier averaging is also presented. Time averaging can lead to an enhancement of the signal with respect to the noise, known as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), by a factor of root N; N being the number of trials recorded. However, latency variability (i.e., jitter) present in the signal leads to a decrement in this maximal potential enhancement. The second technique is an adaptive filter method of averaged cross-correlations, developed by Woody (1967), which deals with the variable latency problem. The development of a latency corrected average developed by McGillem and Aunon (1977) is also presented. The final section describes methods for data handling once the electrocortical signal has been enhanced. It is then necessary to describe the EP quantitatively. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) allows for the quantitative compact representation of the evoked potential waveform. The method also allows for the testing of the effects of explanatory variables on the EP. 相似文献
595.
This study focused on measuring self-efficacy with 44 female conduct disordered youth involuntarily placed in a long-term residential setting. The Program Efficacy Scale (PES) was developed as a measure of self-efficacy linked specifically to program completion. Construct validity for this measure was assessed by correlating it to the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) developed by Tipton and Worthington (1984) and other measures of program success. The PES was found to be significantly related to the GSE, length of placement, level of program achievement, and effort ratings by staff. Possible uses for the PES in predicting success or failure with youth in residential settings are discussed. 相似文献
596.
Robert T. Ammerman Ph.D. Alan E. Kazdin Ph.D. Vincent B. Van Hasselt Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1993,2(3):187-202
We investigated psychosocial correlates of loneliness using self- and caretaker-reports in 6–12 year old nonreferred and psychiatrically hospitalized children. In Phase 1, 109 nonreferred children completed self-report measures of internalizing problems, mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and teachers completed the CBCL-Teacher's Report Form. In Phase 2, a similar assessment battery was completed for 109 psychiatrically hospitalized children. Results indicated a moderate to strong relationship between loneliness and self-reported depression, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and anxiety. Children reporting high and low levels of loneliness were not differentiated by parent or teacher reports. Lonely children had lower IQs than their non-lonely peers. 相似文献
597.
598.
Angela Lipsitz Greg Brake Eric John Vincent Mark Winters 《Journal of applied social psychology》1993,23(6):439-450
In an experimental study of how beer commercials affect alcohol expectancies, 92 fifth graders watched 40 television ads that included either five beer commercials, five soft-drink commercials, or five beer commercials plus two antidrinking messages. Afterwards, as an unrelated task, they completed the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent Form (AEQ-A; Christiansen, Goldman, & Inn, 1982). Exposure to different commercials produced no differences in drinking expectancies. The experiment was repeated on 74 eighth graders with similar null results; however, eighth-grade girls more strongly believed (p <.02) that alcohol leads to deteriorated cognitive and behavioral function. In a comparison of fifth and eighth graders from the same school, eighth graders had significantly more positive scores on three AEQ-A scales that tapped social/emotional expectancies. The failure of beer commercials to create positive alcohol expectancies is consistent with limited and null findings of previous investigations. Research to date does not support a ban on alcohol advertising. 相似文献
599.
OBJECT SUBSTITUTION: 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Abstract —Can four dots that surround, but do not touch, a target shape act as a mask to reduce target discriminability? Although existing theories of metacontrast and pattern masking say "no." we report this occurs when targets appear in unpredictable locations. In three experiments, a four-dot mask was compared with a standard metacontrast mask that surrounded the target. Although accuracy was predictably different for the two masks at a central display location in Experiment I. both masks had similar strong effects on accuracy in parafoveal locations. Experiment 2 revealed that both four-dot and metacontrast masking were insensitive to contour proximity in parafoveal display locations, and Experiment 3 showed that four-dot masking could occur even at a central location if attention was distributed among several targets. We propose that targets in unattended locations are coded with low spotiotemporal resolution, leaving them vulnerable to substitution by the four dots when attention is directed to them. 相似文献
600.
This study examined whether a change in the amount of attention equally allocated to two locations affects judgments of the simultaneity or successiveness of stimuli presented at those locations. Observers were cued to expect two brief flashes either to the left and right of fixation or above and below fixation. Stimulus onset asynchrony was randomly varied. On a small proportion of trials, the stimuli appeared at the unexpected locations. Observers were more likely to report the stimuli as simultaneous when they appeared in the unexpected locations. A model proposed to account for the data assumes that a brief stimulus event is represented by a probability distribution reflecting the uncertainty in determining the time of the event’s occurrence, and two events are judged to be simultaneous if they are perceived to fall within some critical temporal interval, c, which is a function of the amount of attention allocated to the task. 相似文献