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611.
The present research tests a new metacognitive perspective on resistance in minority influence situations. It is proposed that when people initially resist persuasive messages from sources in the numerical minority, they can lose attitude certainty if they perceive that they have based their attitudes on the source's minority status and also believe this is an illegitimate basis for resistance. In three studies, participants were presented with a message from a minority source. In Study 1, participants became less certain of their attitudes after resisting this message. In Study 2, this effect only emerged when participants were led to believe they had based their attitudes on the source's minority status and this was an illegitimate thing to do. In Study 3, this effect was shown to have implications for persuasion in response to a second message. The implications of these findings for classic minority influence effects are discussed. 相似文献
612.
613.
LaRue RH Stewart V Piazza CC Volkert VM Patel MR Zeleny J 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(4):719-735
Given the effectiveness of putative escape extinction as treatment for feeding problems, it is surprising that little is known about the effects of escape as reinforcement for appropriate eating during treatment. In the current investigation, we examined the effectiveness of escape as reinforcement for mouth clean (a product measure of swallowing), escape as reinforcement for mouth clean plus escape extinction (EE), and EE alone as treatment for the food refusal of 5 children. Results were similar to those of previous studies, in that reinforcement alone did not result in increases in mouth clean or decreases in inappropriate behavior (e.g., Piazza, Patel, Gulotta, Sevin, & Layer, 2003). Increases in mouth clean and decreases in inappropriate behavior occurred when the therapist implemented EE independent of the presence or absence of reinforcement. Results are discussed in terms of the role of negative reinforcement in the etiology and treatment of feeding problems. 相似文献
614.
To investigate children’s theories of motivation, we asked 166 children (8-12 years of age) to rate the effect of various motivational strategies on task interest, over the short and long terms, in activities described as appealing or unappealing. Children viewed the rewards strategy as resulting in greatest interest except when implemented over the long term for appealing activities. Individual difference analyses revealed that some children held operant theories of motivation, in which rewards were central, and others held hybrid theories, in which rewards were key, but some allowance was made for interest to be self-sustaining in the absence of inducements. Children’s theories predicted their academic self-regulation. Their theories are discussed relative to an expert theory of motivation. 相似文献
615.
616.
The popular media has reported an increase in the use of social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook by hiring managers
and human resource professionals attempting to find more detailed information about job applicants. Within the peer-reviewed
literature, cursory empirical evidence exists indicating that others’ judgments of characteristics or attributes of an individual
based on information obtained from SNSs may be accurate. Although this predictor method provides a potentially promising source
of applicant information on predictor constructs of interest, it is also fraught with potential limitations and legal challenges.
The level of publicly available data obtainable by employers is highly unstandardized across applicants, as some applicants
will choose not to use SNSs at all while those choosing to use SNSs customize the degree to which information they share is
made public to those outside of their network. It is also unclear how decision makers are currently utilizing the available
information. Potential discrimination may result through employer’s access to publicly available pictures, videos, biographical
information, or other shared information that often allows easy identification of applicant membership to a protected class.
For the practice to progress in a positive direction, evidence for the validity and job-relevance of information obtained
from SNSs needs to be established. Organizational researchers and practitioners also need to promote awareness and attempt
to create safeguards against the potential negative outcomes related to misuse of SNSs by employers. 相似文献
617.
Kathleen?M.?PalmEmail author Victoria?M.?Follette 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):79-86
The long-term negative psychological consequences associated with interpersonal victimization are significant; however a history
of interpersonal victimization alone does not necessarily lead to greater long-term psychological distress. The current study
examined the relationship between cognitive flexibility, experiential avoidance, and psychological distress among 92 women
who reported a history of interpersonal victimization. The findings indicate that both cognitive flexibility and experiential
avoidance are significantly related to posttraumatic stress symptomology and depression in this sample. Preliminary evidence
is also presented suggesting experiential avoidance maybe a potential mediator between cognitive flexibility and psychological
distress in this sample. The current findings suggest that treatments targeting greater emotional acceptance and mindfulness
might be useful approaches in working with survivors of interpersonal victimization. 相似文献
618.
Cosmetic surgery is increasingly popular globally, but how cosmetic surgery patients are socially evaluated is largely unknown. The present research documents attitudes toward these patients in multiple cultures (Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States). Across these cultures, attitudes toward cosmetic surgery patients were predominantly negative: Participants ascribed more negative attributes to cosmetic surgery patients and found cosmetic surgery not acceptable. Also, participants in Hong Kong and Japan were not willing to form social relationships, particularly intimate ones, with these patients. These attitudes were less negative in the United States than in Hong Kong and Japan, partly because social contact, which reduced negativity in attitudes toward cosmetic surgery patients, was more prevalent in the United States. These findings bear important implications for the subjective well-being of cosmetic surgery patients, who very often expect improvement in their social relationships through the surgery. 相似文献
619.
The current study investigated gender differences in types and correlates of aggression among 150 adjudicated youth (M age = 15.2, SD = 1.4). In cluster analysis, consistent with past studies, one aggressive group characterized by moderate levels of reactive
aggression and one characterized by high levels of proactive and reactive aggression emerged and these patterns were consistent
across gender. For both boys and girls, the combined proactive/reactive aggression cluster showed the greatest levels of aggression,
impulsivity, and callous-unemotional traits, supporting a severity over a typology model of proactive and reactive aggression.
Girls displayed significantly higher rates of physical and relational aggression than boys. Girls were highly aggressive toward
both girls and boys, whereas boys were highly aggressive only toward other boys. Girls also showed multiple indications of
severity and emotionality, indexed by higher rates of negative affect, anxiety, distress about social provocations, and empathy. 相似文献
620.
VD Chamizo CA Rodríguez A Espinet NJ Mackintosh 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2012,38(3):255-265
When they are trained in a Morris water maze to find a hidden platform, whose location is defined by a number of equally spaced visual landmarks round the circumference of the pool, rats are equally able to find the platform when tested with any two of the landmarks (Prados, & Trobalon, 1998; Rodrigo, Chamizo, McLaren, & Mackintosh, 1997). This suggests that none of the landmarks was completely overshadowed by any of the others. In Experiment 1 one pair of groups was trained with four equally salient visual landmarks spaced at equal intervals around the edge of the pool, while a second pair was trained with two landmarks only, either relatively close to or far from the hidden platform. After extensive training, both male and female rats showed a reciprocal overshadowing effect: on a test with two landmarks only (either close to or far from the platform), rats trained with four landmarks spent less time in the platform quadrant than those trained with only two. Experiment 2 showed that animals trained with two landmarks and then tested with four also performed worse on test than those trained and tested with two landmarks only. This suggests that generalization decrement, rather than associative competition, provides a sufficient explanation for the overshadowing observed in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 provided a within-experiment replication of the results of Experiments 1 and 2. Finally, Experiment 4 showed that rats trained with a configuration of two landmarks learn their identity. 相似文献