Transformational leadership and moral reasoning

Terms such as moral and ethical leadership are used widely in theory, yet little systematic research has related a sociomoral dimension to leadership in organizations. This study investigated whether managers' moral reasoning (n = 132) was associated with the transformational and transactional leadership behaviors they exhibited as perceived by their subordinates (n = 407). Managers completed the Defining Issues Test (J. R. Rest, 1990), whereas their subordinates completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (B. M. Bass & B. J. Avolio, 1995). Analysis of covariance indicated that managers scoring in the highest group of the moral-reasoning distribution exhibited more transformational leadership behaviors than leaders scoring in the lowest group. As expected, there was no relationship between moral-reasoning group and transactional leadership behaviors. Implications for leadership development are discussed.     

Accuracy of Informants: Do Parents Think That Mother Knows Best?

A total of 200 mothers and fathers provided their opinions as to the accuracy of mothers, fathers, teachers, children's peers, and children themselves as informants of children's emotional/behavioral problems. The results showed that mothers and fathers had very similar patterns of perceptions of accuracy, although fathers' ratings showed less differentiation between informants than did mothers' ratings. Patterns were very similar for reports on children and adolescents. Overall, mothers were perceived to be more accurate in reporting internalizing problems; mothers and teachers (and fathers to a lesser extent) were perceived to be more accurate in reporting externalizing problems; mothers, fathers, and teachers were seen as more accurate in reporting children's adaptive behaviors, and mothers, fathers, and children were seen as more accurate in reporting family problems. The results are discussed in the context of multiple informants of children's and adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems.     

Some cognitive dimensions of antidepressive behaviour

This study examines the accuracy with which psychology students predict how they, as a group, will answer questions about how frequently they and the ‘average person’ feel depressed, try to do something about it when feeling depressed, and find that what they do works. Subjects circled responses on 5-point frequency scales to describe their own experience and that which they attributed to the ‘average person’. They also estimated what percentages of their group would circle each point on the scales. Comparison of percentages actually observed with the group's mean predictions showed a striking congruence when represented graphically. The high degree of agreement suggests that these first year undergraduates with no previous instruction in abnormal psychology already have cognitions about depression and antidepressive behaviour of a high order of complexity. The implications of the finding for psychological research on human depression are discussed.     

Antidepressive behaviour: A preliminary report

Outside the psychological literature it is common knowledge that when people feel depressed they ordinarily try to do something about it. In the clinical literature, this commonplace fact is in danger of being forgotten. Using an empirically-derived checklist of activities consensually identified as being ‘the thing to do when feeling depressed’, the present study examines (1) the distribution of reported antidepressive behaviour (ADB) in a group consisting of depressed and non-depressed psychiatric patients and normals and (2) the relationship between an individual's sex, personality (locus of control), and patient status and (a) the amount of ADB he reports and (b) how much of it he regards as helpful. All Ss reported some ADB but not all reported any that was helpful. In an analysis of variance, no main effects of sex, personality or patient status were found, but sex interacting with personality was significantly related both to the overall amount of ADB reported and to the amount found helpful. The findings have implications for the sorts of concepts that a theoretical formulation of ADB will require as well as for the ways in which clinicians conceptualize depressed patients.     

Occupational differentiation among white men in the first decade after high school

Most research on career development is concerned with the fate of individuals, but portraits of the heterogeneity and development of whole populations or aggregates of individuals can also be useful for understanding the needs and development of different client populations. Two population-level concepts are proposed and defined: differentiation and distribution. This report then charts the rate at which occupational differentiation proceeds among 3730 young white men and investigates the personal and family attributes by which these men are distributed, or distribute themselves, to jobs. Data from the National Longitudinal (Parnes) Survey of the Labor Force Experience of Young Men are used to examine employment among men aged 16 to 28 in different levels and fields of work. Results suggest that the rate of labor force participation stabilizes in the early twenties, differentiation among men by education and the distribution of men among different broad levels and fields of work stabilize by the mid-twenties, and the sorting of men with different socioeconomic backgrounds into different occupational groups continues through the late twenties at which age it appears to have been largely completed. Discriminant analyses suggest that the distribution of men to jobs is primarily along an occupational status dimension, and secondarily according to field of work. Among the variables used in the analyses, academic achievement is the major dimension by which men are sorted or sort themselves to different jobs.     

Religious imagery of a schizotypal patient

Psychotherapists are increasingly challenged to become more effective with religiously oriented patients. In this article I summarize a recent stage model of psycho-religious functioning that was developed to help psychotherapists work with religious material in clinical practice. Following this brief introduction, I describe how the paradigm guided my clinical understanding of a young man suffering from a severe personality disorder. The case study depicts the entanglement of his religious thinking with his core psychological and emotional conflicts and supports the assertion that nonjudgmental exploration of religious imagery may be a vital component of psychotherapy with intensely religious patients.     

Secular Psychotherapists and Religious Clients: Professional Considerations and Recommendations

Traditional psychotherapy has often failed to meet the needs of religiously committed clients. Because many potential clients have religious as well as secular concerns, secular psychotherapists must become more empathic and competent in treating religious individuals. In this article the author argues that efforts toward consciousness raising as well as fundamental changes in professional training programs are necessary to accomplish this goal. Recommendations are offered for counselor educators and mental health service providers.     

Fathers’ and Mothers’ Involvement with Their Adolescents

We explored mothers’ and fathers’ time spent with their adolescents and found that mothers reported spending more time with their adolescents than did fathers. Developmental patterns were found for some aspects of time involvement, with both mothers and fathers reporting higher involvement with younger adolescents. Ratings of time-spent were not associated with adolescents’ self-reported emotional/behavioral problems. Both mothers and fathers agreed that mothers had more responsibility for adolescents’ discipline, daily care, and recreational activities. Mothers and fathers reported comparable levels of satisfaction with this arrangement. Mothers, and to a lesser extent fathers, reported greater satisfaction with the division of labor when fathers showed higher levels of responsibility for adolescents’ activities. Satisfaction with the division of labor was inversely related to interparental conflict. Few differences were found based on adolescent gender for any of these variables. Results are discussed within the context of mother–child and father–child relationships and family functioning.     

What Happens After the Demonstration Phase? The Sustainability of Canada's At Home/Chez Soi Housing First Programs for Homeless Persons with Mental Illness

This research examined the sustainability of Canada's At Home/Chez Soi Housing First (HF) programs for homeless persons with mental illness 2 years after the end of the demonstration phase of a large (more than 2000 participants enrolled), five‐site, randomized controlled trial. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 142 participants (key informants, HF staff, and persons with lived experience) to understand sustainability outcomes and factors that influenced those outcomes. Also, a self‐report HF fidelity measure was completed for nine HF programs that continued after the demonstration project. A cross‐site analysis was performed, using the five sites as case studies. The findings revealed that nine of the 12 HF programs (75%) were sustained, and that seven of the nine programs reported a high level of fidelity (achieving an overall score of 3.5 or higher on a 4‐point scale). The sites varied in terms of the level of systems integration and expansion of HF that were achieved. Factors that promoted or impeded sustainability were observed at multiple ecological levels: broad contextual (i.e., dissemination of research evidence, the policy context), community (i.e., partnerships, the presence of HF champions), organizational (i.e., leadership, ongoing training, and technical assistance), and individual (i.e., staff turnover, changes, and capacity). The findings are discussed in terms of the implementation science literature and their implications for how evidence‐based programs like HF can be sustained.