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841.
Muñoz Adánez A 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2005,8(2):215-220
The purpose of this work is to test the chief principle of brainstorming, formulated as "quantity generates quality." The study is included within a broad program whose goal is to detect the strong and weak points of creative techniques. In a sample of 69 groups, containing between 3 and 8 members, the concurrence of two commonly accepted criteria was established as a quality rule: originality and utility or value. The results fully support the quantity-quality relation (r = .893): the more ideas produced to solve a problem, the better quality of the ideas. The importance of this finding, which supports Osborn's theory, is discussed, and the use of brainstorming is recommended to solve the many open problems faced by our society. 相似文献
842.
Guzmán MR Santiago-Rivera AL Hasse RF 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2005,11(1):3-15
This study tested the relationships among ethnic identity, other-group orientation, fatalism, and 2 dependent variables: attitude toward education and school, and grade point average (GPA). Mexican-origin adolescents (N = 222) completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (J. S. Phinney, 1992), the fatalism scale of the Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs-Short Form (I. Cuellar, B. Arnold, & G. Gonzalez, 1995), and the attitude scale of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-High School (C. E. Weinstein & D. R. Palmer, 1990a). Other-group orientation was positively related to attitude and GPA, and a negative relationship between fatalism and attitude was demonstrated. No relationship emerged between ethnic identity and the dependent variables. 相似文献
843.
Rolando Grave de Peralta Menendez Sara González Andino Lucas Perez Pierre W. Ferrez José del R. Millán 《Cognitive processing》2005,6(1):59-64
Recent experiments have shown the possibility of using the brain electrical activity to directly control the movement of robots or prosthetic devices in real time. Such neuroprostheses can be invasive or non-invasive, depending on how the brain signals are recorded. In principle, invasive approaches will provide a more natural and flexible control of neuroprostheses, but their use in humans is debatable given the inherent medical risks. Non-invasive approaches mainly use scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and their main disadvantage is that these signals represent the noisy spatiotemporal overlapping of activity arising from very diverse brain regions, i.e., a single scalp electrode picks up and mixes the temporal activity of myriads of neurons at very different brain areas. In order to combine the benefits of both approaches, we propose to rely on the non-invasive estimation of local field potentials (LFP) in the whole human brain from the scalp measured EEG data using a recently developed inverse solution (ELECTRA) to the EEG inverse problem. The goal of a linear inverse procedure is to de-convolve or un-mix the scalp signals attributing to each brain area its own temporal activity. To illustrate the advantage of this approach we compare, using an identical set of spectral features, classification of rapid voluntary finger self-tapping with left and right hands based on scalp EEG and non-invasively estimated LFP on two subjects using a different number of electrodes.
相似文献
Rolando Grave de Peralta MenendezEmail: Phone: +41-22-3728295Fax: +41-22-3728358 |
844.
From sensory to long-term memory: evidence from auditory memory reactivation studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Everyday experience tells us that some types of auditory sensory information are retained for long periods of time. For example, we are able to recognize friends by their voice alone or identify the source of familiar noises even years after we last heard the sounds. It is thus somewhat surprising that the results of most studies of auditory sensory memory show that acoustic details, such as the pitch of a tone, fade from memory in ca. 10-15 s. One should, therefore, ask (1) what types of acoustic information can be retained for a longer term, (2) what circumstances allow or help the formation of durable memory records for acoustic details, and (3) how such memory records can be accessed. The present review discusses the results of experiments that used a model of auditory recognition, the auditory memory reactivation paradigm. Results obtained with this paradigm suggest that the brain stores features of individual sounds embedded within representations of acoustic regularities that have been detected for the sound patterns and sequences in which the sounds appeared. Thus, sounds closely linked with their auditory context are more likely to be remembered. The representations of acoustic regularities are automatically activated by matching sounds, enabling object recognition. 相似文献
845.
846.
K Soproni A Miklósi J Topál V Csányi 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2001,115(2):122-126
On the basis of a study by D. J. Povinelli, D. T. Bierschwale, and C. G. Cech (1999), the performance of family dogs (Canis familiaris) was examined in a 2-way food choice task in which 4 types of directional cues were given by the experimenter: pointing and gazing, head-nodding ("at target"), head turning above the correct container ("above target"), and glancing only ("eyes only"). The results showed that the performance of the dogs resembled more closely that of the children in D. J. Povinelli et al.'s study, in contrast to the chimpanzees' performance in the same study. It seems that dogs, like children, interpret the test situation as being a form of communication. The hypothesis is that this similarity is attributable to the social experience and acquired social routines in dogs because they spend more time in close contact with humans than apes do, and as a result dogs are probably more experienced in the recognition of human gestures. 相似文献
847.
Gácsi M Topál J Miklósi A Dóka A Csányi V 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2001,115(4):423-431
In this study, 60 shelter dogs (Canis familiaris) were observed in the modified version of the Strange Situation Test, which has proved to be a useful method for studying dogs' attachment behavior toward humans (J. Topál, A. Miklósi, V. Csányi, & A. Dóka, 1998). Before testing, 40 dogs were handled 3 times for 10 min. In the test, handled dogs encountered 2 persons: the handler in the role of the "owner" (OW) and an unfamiliar person (UP), whereas the 20 nonhandled dogs encountered unfamiliar persons in both roles. Dogs in the handled group exhibited more contact seeking with the entering OW, less physical contact with the UP, less frequent following of the leaving UP, and less standing by the door in the presence of the OW. The specific response of the handled dogs toward the handler fulfilled the operational criteria of attachment. In shelter conditions, the remarkable demand for social contact with humans may result in rather fast forming of attachment even in adult dogs. 相似文献
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850.
In order to develop an account of scientific rationality, two problems need to be addressed: (i) how to make sense of episodes
of theory change in science where the lack of a cumulative development is found, and (ii) how to accommodate cases of scientific
change where lack of consistency is involved. In this paper, we sketch a model of scientific rationality that accommodates
both problems. We first provide a framework within which it is possible to make sense of scientific revolutions, but which
still preserves some (partial) relations between old and new theories. The existence of these relations help to explain why
the break between different theories is never too radical as to make it impossible for one to interpret the process in perfectly
rational terms. We then defend the view that if scientific theories are taken to be quasi-true, and if the underlying logic
is paraconsistent, it’s perfectly rational for scientists and mathematicians to entertain inconsistent theories without triviality.
As a result, as opposed to what is demanded by traditional approaches to rationality, it’s not irrational to entertain inconsistent
theories. Finally, we conclude the paper by arguing that the view advanced here provides a new way of thinking about the foundations
of science. In particular, it extends in important respects both coherentist and foundationalist approaches to knowledge,
without the troubles that plague traditional views of scientific rationality. 相似文献