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141.
Heather Young Ad Van Knippenberg Naomi Ellemers Nanne De Vries 《European journal of social psychology》1997,27(5):523-537
Self-categorization theory posits that the perception of group members is flexible and determined by the comparative social context as well as by group membership. Subjects read about either four ingroup or outgroup target persons in the context of four additional stimulus persons who were members of either the same group as the target persons (intragroup context) or the other group (intergroup context). Individualized and attribute-wise information organization was assessed on the basis of information clustering in free recall. As predicted, differential processing of ingroup information occurred as a function of the salient social context; in an intragroup context, ingroup information was organized significantly more by person than in an intergroup context. Conversely, ingroup information tended to be clustered more by attribute in an intergroup than in an intragroup context. Clustering of outgroup information was not sensitive to changes in the social context. The results indicate that the perception of group members may be based on more than group membership alone. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Rick B. van Baaren Rob W. Holland Bregje Steenaert Ad van Knippenberg 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2003,39(4):393-398
Two experiments investigated the idea that mimicry leads to pro-social behavior. It was hypothesized that mimicking the verbal behavior of customers would increase the size of tips. In Experiment 1, a waitress either mimicked half her customers by literally repeating their order or did not mimic her customers. It was found that she received significantly larger tips when she mimicked her customers than when she did not. In Experiment 2, in addition to a mimicry- and non-mimicry condition, a baseline condition was included in which the average tip was assessed prior to the experiment. The results indicated that, compared to the baseline, mimicry leads to larger tips. These results demonstrate that mimicry can be advantageous for the imitator because it can make people more generous. 相似文献
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Asmir Gračanin Marcel A. L. M. van Assen Višnja Omrčen Ivana Koraj Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(1):139-150
Gelstein et al. reported the results of three experiments suggesting a dampening influence of inhalation of female emotional tears on males’ arousal and perception of female sexual attractiveness, specifically in non-sexual situations. This prompted the hypothesis that crying exerts its influence on others not only via the auditory and visual mode but also via chemosignals. In three studies, we attempted to replicate and extend Gelstein et al.’s findings by including an additional condition with irritant tears, by using pictures of sexually attractive women, and by testing related hypotheses on the pro-social effects of exposure to tears. All three studies, separately or combined in a meta-analysis, failed to replicate the original inhibitory effects of tears. In addition, sniffing tears did not affect measures of connectedness, aggression and pro-social behaviour. It is concluded that the effects of female tears on male arousal and perception of female sexual attractiveness, if any, are very weak at best. Rather, it seems that crying exerts its strong inter-personal effects through the visual and auditory sensory channels. 相似文献
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Wismeijer AA Sijtsma K van Assen MA Vingerhoets AJ 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(4):323-334
We discuss and contrast 2 methods for investigating the dimensionality of data from tests and questionnaires: the popular principal components analysis (PCA) and the more recent Mokken scale analysis (MSA; Mokken, 1971). First, we discuss the theoretical similarities and differences between both methods. Then, we use both methods to analyze data collected by means of Larson and Chastain's (1990) Self-Concealment Scale (SCS). We present the different results and highlight the instances in which the methods complement one another so as to obtain a stronger result than would be obtained using only 1 method. Finally, we discuss the implications of the results for the dimensionality of the SCS and provide recommendations for both the further development of the SCS and the future use of PCA and MSA in personality research. 相似文献
146.
The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) is well known for his pessimism. He did not believe in real happiness.
In his view, the best a person can achieve is to reduce misery. At the end of his career, he wrote a book on how to live the
most bearable life. This is a practical guide based on his personal experiences and illustrated by quotations from other thinkers
subscribing to his views. In this paper, we summarize his recommendations and compare these with conditions for happiness
as observed in present day empirical research. Little of the advice appears to fit current research on conditions for happiness.
Following Schopenhauer’s advice would probably make us unhappier, even if we had the same neurotic personality.
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Ad BergsmaEmail: |
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Smith Elise Williams-Jones Bryn Master Zubin Larivière Vincent Sugimoto Cassidy R. Paul-Hus Adèle Shi Min Diller Elena Caudle Katie Resnik David B. 《Science and engineering ethics》2020,26(4):1995-2022
Science and Engineering Ethics - Authorship is commonly used as the basis for the measurement of research productivity. It influences career progression and rewards, making it a valued commodity in... 相似文献