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31.
We examined attention shifting in baboons and humans during the learning of visual categories. Within a conditional matching-to-sample
task, participants of the two species sequentially learned two two-feature categories which shared a common feature. Results
showed that humans encoded both features of the initially learned category, but predominantly only the distinctive feature
of the subsequently learned category. Although baboons initially encoded both features of the first category, they ultimately
retained only the distinctive features of each category. Empirical data from the two species were analyzed with the 1996 ADIT
connectionist model of Kruschke. ADIT fits the baboon data when the attentional shift rate is zero, and the human data when
the attentional shift rate is not zero. These empirical and modeling results suggest species differences in learned attention
to visual features.
Received: 30 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 September 1998 相似文献
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Several authors have reported that participants have a leftward bias when holding a newborn or young infant. Our study of mothers met before and after their infant's birth sought to ascertain whether particular combinations of affective symptoms (depression, anxiety) and holding positions (horizontal versus vertical) were related to holding‐side biases. Our results showed that (a) mothers displayed a significant leftward (71%) holding bias, (b) mothers with affective symptoms held their newborn on the right side and more frequently in the vertical position, and (c) hemispheric specialization for perceiving visual emotions had no significant effect on the holding‐side biases of new mothers. These results suggest that maternal affective symptoms have a dominant effect on the determination of holding‐side preferences, when associated with a particular holding position. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
33.
Christin-Melanie Vauclair 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2007,10(3):211-212
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Rhesus monkeys use geometric and nongeometric information during a reorientation task 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Gouteux S Thinus-Blanc C Vauclair J 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2001,130(3):505-519
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulata) were subjected to a place finding task in a rectangular room perfectly homogeneous and without distinctive featural information. Results of Experiment 1 show that monkeys rely on the large-scale geometry of the room to retrieve a food reward. Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that subjects use also nongeometric information (colored wall) to reorient. Data of Experiments 4 and 5 suggest that monkeys do not use small angular cues but that they are sensitive to the size of the cues (Experiments 6, 7, and 8). Our findings strengthen the idea that a mechanism based on the geometry of the environment is at work in several mammalian species. In addition, the present data offer new perspectives on spatial cognition in animals that are phylogenetically close to humans. Specifically, the joint use of both geometric and landmark-based cues by rhesus monkeys tends to demonstrate that spatial processing became more flexible with evolution. 相似文献
35.
Porntida Tanjitpiyanond Jolanda Jetten Kim Peters Ashwini Ashokkumar Oumar Barry Matthew Billet Maja Becker Robert W. Booth Diego Castro Juana Chinchilla Giulio Costantini Egon Dejonckheere Girts Dimdins Yasemin Erbas Agustín Espinosa Gillian Finchilescu Ángel Gómez Roberto González Nobuhiko Goto Aya Hatano Lea Hartwich Somboon Jarukasemthawee Jaya Kumar Karunagharan Lindsay M. Novak Jinseok P. Kim Michal Kohút Yi Liu Steve Loughnan Ike E. Onyishi Charity N. Onyishi Micaela Varela Iris S. Pattara-angkoon Müjde Peker Kullaya Pisitsungkagarn Muhammad Rizwan Eunkook M. Suh William Swann Eddie M. W. Tong Rhiannon N. Turner Niels Vanhasbroeck Paul A. M. Van Lange Christin-Melanie Vauclair Alexander Vinogradov Grace Wacera Zhechen Wang Susilo Wibisono Victoria Wai-Lan Yeung 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(2):367-382
There is a growing body of work suggesting that social class stereotypes are amplified when people perceive higher levels of economic inequality—that is, the wealthy are perceived as more competent and assertive and the poor as more incompetent and unassertive. The present study tested this prediction in 32 societies and also examines the role of wealth-based categorization in explaining this relationship. We found that people who perceived higher economic inequality were indeed more likely to consider wealth as a meaningful basis for categorization. Unexpectedly, however, higher levels of perceived inequality were associated with perceiving the wealthy as less competent and assertive and the poor as more competent and assertive. Unpacking this further, exploratory analyses showed that the observed tendency to stereotype the wealthy negatively only emerged in societies with lower social mobility and democracy and higher corruption. This points to the importance of understanding how socio-structural features that co-occur with economic inequality may shape perceptions of the wealthy and the poor. 相似文献
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