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121.
Taeda Jovičić 《Argumentation》2004,18(1):1-24
In this paper, I try to develop an informal model for the analysis and evaluation of argumentative strategies based on active authorities. The explanations necessary to understand the idea of the model and what is modelled are given through the development of the paper. I first give an example of argumentative activities. After that, the main assumption of the model is given. In the third part, the relevant aspects of the argumentative activity are analysed, while the principles of the evaluation are explained in the fourth part. The informal model is presented in the fifth part. In the final remarks, the suggestions for further work are given, as well as a comparison with some related recent works in argumentation theory. 相似文献
122.
Jovan Babić 《The Journal of Ethics》2004,8(3):225-250
Our time is characterized by what seems like an unprecedented process of intense global homogenization. This reality provides
the context for exploring the nature and value of toleration. Hence, this essay is meant primarily as a contribution to international
ethics rather than political philosophy. It is argued that because of the non-eliminability of differences in the world we
should not even hope that there can be only one global religion or ideology. Further exploration exposes conceptual affinity
between the concepts of intolerance, ideology, and doctrinal evil. The last concept is developed in contrast to pure evil and average evil, and under the assumption of the metaphysical necessity of free will. Doctrinal evil is found to represent the main source
of intolerance as a result of a mechanism that tends to confuse doctrinal evil (or the competing conceptions of the good)
with pure evil. This connection between doctrinal evil and pure evil provides ideologies with their forcefulness. Tolerance
cannot be properly understood in terms of a simple opposition to intolerance, however. Tolerance emerges as a sort of vigilance,
conscientiousness, and non-negligence based not on a supposedly correct interpretation of the good, but rather on the acceptance
of the fallibility of any such attempted definition. Conversely, the principal evil in doctrinal evil is found in arrogance
that accompanies the intolerance-inducing irresponsible thoughtlessness. With this conceptual topology in mind the paper also
addresses questions regarding religious tolerance, the ideology of human rights and democracy, the right to self-defense,
ways to face evil, the dialectics of using old names for novel evils, and related issues.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
123.
The Journal of Consumer Psychology (JCP) was created in 1992 partly in response to what was interpreted by some as a shift in the methodological focus of the Journal of Consumer Research (JCR). JCR began to increase its accommodation of postmodern approaches, compared to more positivistic approaches. JCP's mission was thus perceived by some to be more methodologically homogeneous, with a greater focus on traditional experimental psychology in the domain of consumer behavior. Is JCR really more methodologically diverse than JCP? In what other ways are the two journals similar or different? This article attempts to answer these questions with an in‐depth analysis of the articles published in both journals from 1992 to 1998. The articles are reviewed in terms of overall output, authorship, content, research design, and data analysis. Conclusions and implications are included. 相似文献
124.
Vuk Uskoković 《Axiomathes》2009,19(1):17-50
Each type of learning is proposed as being a three-stage process, composed of: (i) recognition of a perceptual situation and
performance of an action corresponding thereto; (ii) observation of a deviation of the action result from an expected outcome;
(iii) re-arrangement of the conceptual framework of reasoning to meaningfully assimilate the observed deviation. In order
to evaluate a general, systemic significance of the concept of learning proposed hereby, the latter is assessed from perspectives
that correspond to diverse levels of organizational complexity of Nature. Thermodynamic concepts, constructivist and autopoietic
frameworks of analysis of cognitive phenomena, and the aspects of social sciences are intertwined so as to support the all-encompassing
meaning of the general pathways of learning proposed herein. Numerous ethical consequences, with a particular emphasis on
educational approaches, are derived from accepting such a general nature of learning and development. Naturally implied dialectical
form of evolution, according to which prosperous and favorable features of human creativity arise solely from problem-solving
situations, is further discussed. 相似文献
125.
Among numerous procedures for determination of the psychophysical relation, one approach has seldom been applied. Essential in this method is to present a set of stimuli whose intensity increases in fixed time following different forms. The objective stimulus increment, which the subjects perceive as linear growth directly, represents the inverse psychophysical relation. In this paper the method was tested in the fields of click frequency and sound pressure. This procedure was named "Perception of the Form of Stimulus Increment in Time". In comparison to other psychophysical approaches, this one has several advantages. The principal ones are the following: (1) In assessing the psychophysical relation it is not necessary to try to measure the perceptual magnitude; and (2) the psychophysical relation is directly determined by its dynamic pattern. In this paper modifications to the method are reported which facilitate the subject's task and avoid some differences in subjects' individual approaches to the task. The modified procedure leads to results satisfactory independent of the influence of the factors irrelevant to the psychophysical relationship. 相似文献
126.
Aleksandar Kostić 《Psychological research》1991,53(1):62-70
Summary The present paper evaluates the two standard approaches to the processing of inflected morphology (decomposition and the satellite-entries hypothesis) in the scope of the results obtained on Serbo-Croatian inflected noun forms. It was demonstrated that the decomposition hypothesis cannot account for most of the results. On the other hand, some of the critical experiments upon which the satellite-entries hypothesis was based failed to replicate, and the hypothesis was rejected on empirical grounds. The approach proposed in the present study assumes that processing effects observed with inflected Serbo-Croatian noun forms are based on the subject's sensitivity to the amount of information (i. e., bits) within a particular inflected form. It was demonstrated that the basic unit of the subject's sensitivity is the amount of information derived from the average frequency per syntactic function within a particular inflected form of a noun. This parameter accounts for all the observed processing variability of the inflected Serbo-Croatian noun forms. 相似文献
127.
128.
Branislav R. Boričić 《Studia Logica》1986,45(1):39-53
The logic of the weak law of excluded middleKC
p
is obtained by adding the formula A A as an axiom scheme to Heyting's intuitionistic logicH
p
. A cut-free sequent calculus for this logic is given. As the consequences of the cut-elimination theorem, we get the decidability of the propositional part of this calculus, its separability, equality of the negationless fragments ofKC
p
andH
p
, interpolation theorems and so on. From the proof-theoretical point of view, the formulation presented in this paper makes clearer the relations betweenKC
p
,H
p
, and the classical logic. In the end, an interpretation of classical propositional logic in the propositional part ofKC
p
is given. 相似文献
129.
In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated long-term repetition priming effects in Serbian under crossalphabet and cross-modal
conditions. In both experiments, results followed the same pattern: significant priming in all conditions and no significant
reduction in priming in the cross-modal as opposed to the cross-alphabet condition. These results are different from those
obtained in English (Experiment 3), in which a modality shift led to a reduction in priming. The findings are discussed within
a theoretical framework, in which long-term priming is a by-product of learning within the language system. A full list of
word stimuli for all three experiments presented in this article can be found at www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
130.
Anchoring theory (Gilchrist et al, 1999 Psychological Review 106 795-834) predicts a wide range of lightness errors, including failures of constancy in multi-illumination scenes and a long list of well-known lightness illusions seen under homogeneous illumination. Lightness values are computed both locally and globally and then averaged together. Local values are computed within a given region of homogeneous illumination. Thus, for an object that extends through two different illumination levels, anchoring theory produces two values, one for the patch in brighter illumination and one for the patch in dimmer illumination. Observers can give matches for these patches separately, but they can also give a single match for the whole object. Anchoring theory in its current form is unable to predict these object matches. We report eight experiments in which we studied the relationship between patch matches and object matches. The results show that the object match represents a compromise between the match for the patch in the field of highest illumination and the patch in the largest field of illumination. These two principles are parallel to the rules found for anchoring lightness: highest luminance rule and area rule. 相似文献