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891.
Pseudohomophones play an important role in visual word recognition research, but they are not often themselves the object of experimental inquiry. In Experiment 1, we explored whether the status of body rime relations in pseudohomophones-whether their body rime relations exist in actual words-predicts the likelihood of word pronunciations to pseudohomophone spellings. In Experiment 2, we tested whether extant body rime relations modulate performance to pseudohomophones, and their context effect on word trials, in a lexical decision task. Extant body rime relations increase the likelihood that a pseudohomophone will be given a word pronunciation, and they produce slower and more error prone performance to pseudohomophones and words in lexical decision. 相似文献
892.
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894.
Diana S. Woodruff-Pak Richard W. Vogel III Michael Ewers Justin Coffey Orest B. Boyko Susan K. Lemieux 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2001,76(3):342-357
Richard F. Thompson's cerebellar model of classical eyeblink conditioning highlights Purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex and principal cells in the deep cerebellar nucleus as the integrating cells for acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs). CR acquisition is significantly slower in rabbits with lesions to cerebellar cortex and in Purkinje cell-deficient mice that lose all cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells are the largest neurons in the cerebellum and contribute significantly to cerebellar volume. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess cerebellar volume in humans. Cerebellar volume was related to eyeblink conditioning (400-ms delay procedure) in 8 adults (21-35 years) and compared to 8 older adults (77-95 years) tested previously (Woodruff-Pak, Goldenberg, Downey-Lamb, Boyko, & Lemieux, 2000). In the young adult sample, there was a high correlation between percentage of CRs in a session and cerebellar volume (corrected for total intracranial volume [TIV], r =.58, p =.066). There were statistically significant age differences in cerebellar volume, t(14) = 8.96, p <.001, and percentage of CRs, t(14) = 3.85, p <.002, but no age difference in TIV. Combining the young and older adult sample, the correlation between percentage of CRs and cerebellar volume (corrected for TIV) was.832 (p <.001). Cerebellar volume showed age-related deficits likely due to Purkinje cell loss. Individual differences in classical eyeblink conditioning are associated with differences in cerebellar volume, supporting Thompson's model of a cerebellar cortical role in facilitating this form of associative learning. 相似文献
895.
In this paper we sketch several mechanisms by which low social status is transformed into low academic performance. Using
the perspective of social dominance theory, we review three processes by which this transformation takes place. These processes
include: (a) the effects of lower economic, cultural, and social capital; (b) the effects of personal and institutional discrimination;
and (c) reactions to low social status by members of low status groups. It is argued that members of low status groups engage
in various protective mechanisms in response to their low social status. Although these mechanisms have the benefit of protecting
self-esteem, this benefit is purchased at a potential cost. This cost includes reduced motivation to succeed which results
in lower academic achievement and subsequent reinforcement of the status hierarchy. We argue that future research needs to
place substantially more effort into precisely understanding the numerous, and often subtle, mediating mechanisms transforming
low social status into low academic achievement.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
896.
A Web site (http://web2-pc.uncc.edu/cogsci) has been established to support an interdisciplinary course in cognitive science. The modules include introductory reading material, interactive exercises/virtual laboratory, and pointers to existing material on the Web. Our approach to using the Web in support of instruction differs from distance learning initiatives because it is centered on an instructor and classroom experiences. The Web-based modules are used to supplement classroom lectures and provide an interdisciplinary perspective. 相似文献
897.
This study evaluated strategies to improve motorist compliance and caution at three stop‐sign‐controlled intersections with a history of motor vehicle crashes. The primary intervention was a light‐emitting diode (LED) sign that featured animated eyes scanning left and right to prompt drivers to look left and right for approaching traffic. Data were scored from videotape on the percentage of drivers coming to a complete stop and the percentage of drivers looking right before entering the intersection. Observational data were collected on the percentage of right‐angle conflicts (defined as braking suddenly or swerving from the path to avoid an intersection crash). The introduction of the LED sign according to a multiple baseline across the three intersections was associated with an increase in the percentage of vehicles coming to a complete stop at all three intersections and a small increase in the percentage of drivers looking right before entering the intersections. Conflicts between vehicles on the major and minor road were also reduced following the introduction of the animated eyes prompt. 相似文献
898.
Jan Albert Van Laar 《Synthese》2007,154(2):307-327
When is an argument to be called one-sided? When is putting forward such an argument fallacious? How can we develop a model for critical discussion, such that a fallaciously one-sided argument corresponds to a violation of a discussion rule? These issues are dealt with within ‘the limits of the dialogue model of argument’ by specifying a type of persuasion dialogue in which an arguer can offer complex arguments to anticipate particular responses by a critic. 相似文献
899.
This paper presents an ecological-community model toward the explanation of variation in patterns of substance abuse (SA) service utilization among adolescents who are enrolled in Tennessee's Medicaid program (TennCare). Guided by a theoretical framework that draws from the social ecology work of Bronfenbrenner and health services utilization models promoted by Aday and Andersen, we apply a social indicators approach toward explaining the impact of community ecology on identification of SA and treatment engagement. Both county-level rates and individual-level treatment utilization are examined and hierarchical linear modeling is incorporated to examine the individual-in-community phenomenon. This study is an expansion of previous service utilization research and suggests that explanations of youth's service utilization must necessarily include not only individual, familial, and service system characteristics, but community factors, as well. 相似文献
900.
Research has shown that cognitive processes like the attribution of hostile intention or angry emotion to others contribute
to the development and maintenance of conduct problems. However, the role of memory has been understudied in comparison with
attribution biases. The aim of this study was thus to test if a memory bias for angry faces was related to conduct problems
in youth. Adolescents from a junior secondary school were presented with angry and happy faces and were later asked to recognize
the same faces with a neutral expression. They also completed an impulsivity questionnaire. A teacher assessed their behavior.
The results showed that a better recognition of angry faces than happy faces predicted conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention
as reported by the teacher. The memory bias effect was more pronounced for impulsive adolescents. It is suggested that a memory
bias for angry faces favors disruptive behavior but that a good ability to control impulses may moderate the negative impact
of this bias. 相似文献