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981.
I. Roskam M. Stiévenart J.-C. Meunier G. Van de Moortele P. Kinoo M.-C. Nassogne 《Pratiques Psychologiques》2010,16(4):389-401
Present study aims at refining assessment of preschoolers’ behavior. Data was provided with questionnaires and observation on 118 preschoolers when recruited and 12 months later by their parents, their teachers and clinicians. The results confirmed high variations in informants’ ratings as well as negative effects of such variations regarding later child's development. The results imply the need for a multi-informant and multi-method assessment of preschoolers’ disruptive behavior. The implications of our findings for clinical purpose are discussed. 相似文献
982.
Chris L. E. Paffen Stefan Van der Stigchel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(5):1237-1243
Although it has been argued that visual attention and the dynamics of binocular rivalry are closely linked, strong evidence for this proposition is still lacking. Here, we investigate how perceptual alternations during binocular rivalry are affected by spatial attention by employing a cuing paradigm. We show a tight link between the occurrence of perceptual alternations and the spatiotemporal properties of visual attention: Alternations occurred earlier and more frequently at locations where visual attention was summoned by an exogenous cue. We argue that cuing a location where rival images are presented leads to a transient increase in the effective contrast of these rival images. This transient increase in effective contrast increases the probability of an alternation at that location. Furthermore, we suggest that an occipito-fronto-parietal network known to be involved in selective attention and binocular rivalry mediates perceptual alternations by boosting the neural response at attended locations. 相似文献
983.
Karen Mortier Wieske Van Zoest Martijn Meeter Jan Theeuwes 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(1):65-75
Many theories assume that preknowledge of an upcoming target helps visual selection. In those theories, a top-down set can alter the salience of the target, such that attention can be deployed to the target more efficiently and responses are faster. Evidence for this account stems from visual search studies in which the identity of the upcoming target is cued in advance. In five experiments, we show that top-down knowledge affects the speed with which a singleton target can be detected but not the speed with which it can be localized. Furthermore, we show that these results are independent of the mode of responding (manual or saccadic) and are not due to a ceiling effect. Our results suggest that in singleton search, top-down information does not affect visual selection but most likely does affect response selection. We argue that such an effect is found only when information from different dimensions needs to be integrated to generate a response and that this is the case in singleton detection tasks but not in other singleton search tasks. 相似文献
984.
Susan A. Stone Lynda E. Frost James R. Van Norman Kathleen A. Casey 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(4):273-285
Recent decades have seen the development of robust systems of community health indicators, but those indicator sets tend to
have few indicators related to behavioral health. Gauging community behavioral health can be complex, but given the interconnectedness
of health and behavioral health and the high social and financial cost of unaddressed behavioral health needs, it is essential
to develop meaningful indicators. A community-based participatory research project in Austin, Texas developed behavioral health
indicators based on a review of social indicators movements across the globe, existing sets of proposed key indicators of
mental health and mental illness, and ongoing community initiatives in Austin relevant to behavioral health. The community
behavioral health indicators have been refined through the challenging process of implementing them in the face of competing
efforts and imprecise communication about their use. While indicators should always be adapted to suit local conditions, this
indicator set should provide a good starting point for researchers and communities to assess and improve the behavioral health
of their community. 相似文献
985.
Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation: Relationships With Various Forms of Racism 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Previous research revealed that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are strongly related to racism. However, this line of inquiry neglected to study these relationships for various forms of racism. In Study 1, it was found in a Flemish heterogeneous adult sample ( N = 146) that RWA and SDO bore about equally strong relationships with biological racism, symbolic racism, ethnocentrism, and aversive racism. Study 2 revealed in a heterogeneous adult sample ( N = 176), also administered in Flanders (Belgium), that RWA was positively related to both subtle and blatant prejudice, whereas SDO was positively related only to blatant prejudice. Moreover, RWA differentiates better between different types of racists composed on the basis of scores on the racism dimensions. The implications of these results for RWA- and SDO-based prejudice are discussed. 相似文献
986.
Ilja Van Beest Eric Van Dijk Henk A.M. Wilke 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2005,41(6):609-617
Previous research on coalition formation has established that people will not hesitate to exclude others in order to maximize their payoff. The authors propose that this view is too narrow and that the decision to exclude depends on the valence of the payoff. Consistent with a “do-no-harm” hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that participants were more reluctant to exclude in order to minimize their losses than to maximize their gains. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and showed that participants were most affected by payoff valence when they were disposed to consider the viewpoint of others. Additional analyses revealed that participants were more motivated by fairness (Experiment 1) and that fairness was more cognitively accessible (Experiment 2) when payoffs were negative rather than positive. 相似文献
987.
Colette Van Laar Shana Levin Jim Sidanius 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2005,41(4):329-345
This study examined the effect of living with White, Asian American, Latino, or African American roommates on affective, cognitive, and behavioral indicators of prejudice among university students. We used a five-wave panel study with approximately 2000 students to examine the effect of roommate contact in two ways: First, through a field experimental test by examining prejudice as a function of living with randomly assigned roommates during the first year of university. Second, net of pre-existing attitudes, we examined the effects of voluntary roommate contact during the second and third year of university on fourth year prejudice. Consistent with contact theory, both randomly assigned and voluntary contact decreased prejudice. Also, there was generalization to other outgroups, particularly from Black roommates to Latinos, and vice versa. Finally, an interesting exception was found for contact with Asian American roommates, whether randomly assigned or voluntary, which tended to make attitudes towards other groups more negative. Potential explanations for this result are discussed. 相似文献
988.
Philip L. Roth Chad H. Van Iddekinge Allen I. Huffcutt Carl E. Eidson Mark J. Schmit 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2005,13(4):261-273
Applied psychologists have long been interested in the relationship between applicant personality and employment interview ratings. Analysis of data from two studies, one using a situational interview and one using a behavioral interview, suggests that the correlations of structured interview ratings with self‐report measures of personality factors are generally rather low. Further, a small meta‐analysis integrates these two studies and the limited previous literature to arrive at a similar conclusion – there is relatively little relationship between structured interviews and self‐reported personality factors. 相似文献
989.
Theo Van Willigenburg 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2005,8(1-2):45-62
Why do agent-relative reasons have authority over us, reflective creatures? Reductive accounts base the normativity of agent-relative reasons on agent-neutral considerations like ‘having parents caring especially for their own children serves best the interests of all children’. Such accounts, however, beg the question about the source of normativity of agent-relative ways of reason-giving. In this paper, I argue for a non-reductive account of the reflective necessity of agent-relative concerns. Such an account will reveal an important structural complexity of practical reasoning in general. Christine Korsgaard relates the rational binding force of practical reasons to the various identities or self-conceptions under which we value ourselves. The problem is that it is not clear why such self-conceptions would necessitate us rationally, given the fact that most of our identities are simply given. Perhaps, Harry Frankfurt is right in arguing that we are not only necessitated by reason, but also, and predominantly by what we love. I argue, however, that “the necessities of love” (in Frankfurt’s phrase) are not to be separated from, but should be seen as belonging to the necessities of reason. Our loves, concerns and related identities provide for a specific and important structure to practical reflection. They function on the background of reasoning, having a specific default role: they would lose their character as concerns, if there was a need for them to be cited on the foreground of deliberation or if there was a need to justify them. This does not mean that our deep concerns cannot be scrutinised. They can only be scrutinised in an indirect way, however, which explains their role in grounding the normativity of agent-relative reasons. It appears that this account can provide for a viable interpretation of Korsgaard’s argument about the foundational role of practical identities. 相似文献
990.
Michala C. Schippers Paul A. M. Van Lange 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(10):2532-2553
The current research addresses the psychological benefits of superstitious rituals in top sport, examining the circumstances under which top‐class sportspersons are especially committed to enacting rituals prior to a game (ritual commitment). Consistent with the hypotheses, findings revealed that ritual commitment is greater when (a) uncertainty is high rather than low; and (b) importance of the game is high rather than low. Complementary analyses revealed that the state of psychological tension mediated both effect of importance and uncertainty on ritual commitment. Moreover, players with an external locus of control exhibited greater levels of ritual commitment than did players with an internal locus of control. The results are discussed in terms of the tension‐regulation function of superstitious rituals in top sport. 相似文献