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61.
The ability to perceive biological motion (BM) has been demonstrated in a number of species including humans but the few studies
of non-human primates have been relatively inconclusive. We investigated whether common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are able to perceive biological motion, using a novel method to test non-human primates. Marmosets (7 male and 7 female)
were trained to remove a cover from a container and look inside it, revealing a computer screen. Then they were presented
with images on this computer screen consisting of a novel BM pattern (a walking hen) and 4 manipulations of that pattern (a
static frame of this pattern and inverted, scrambled, and rotating versions of the pattern). The behavioural responses of
the marmosets were recorded and used to assess discrimination between stimuli. BM was attended to by females but not males,
as shown by active inspection behaviour, mainly movement of the head towards the stimulus. Females paid significantly less
attention to all of the other stimuli. This indicates the females’ ability to attend to biological motion. Females showed
slightly more attention to the inverted BM than to the static, scrambled, and rotating patterns. The males were less attentive
to all of the stimuli than were the females and, unlike the females, responded to all stimuli in a similar manner. This sex
difference could be due to an inability of males to recognise BM altogether or to a lesser amount of curiosity. Considered
together with the findings of previous studies on chicks and humans, the results of the present study support the notion of
a common mechanism across species for the detection of BM. 相似文献
62.
Animals can reorient making use of the geometric shape of an environment, i.e., using sense and metric properties of surfaces.
Animals reared soon after birth either in circular or in rectangular enclosures (and thus affording different experiences
with metric properties of the spatial layout) showed similar abilities when tested for spatial reorientation in a rectangular
enclosure. Thus, early experience in environments with different geometric characteristics does not seem to affect animals’
ability to reorient using sense and metric information. However, some results seem to suggest that when geometric and non-geometric
information are set in conflict, rearing experience could affect the relative dominance of featural (landmark) and geometric
information. In three separate experiments, newborn chicks reared either in circular- or in rectangular-shaped home-cages
were tested for spatial reorientation in a rectangular enclosure, with featural information provided either by panels at the
corners or by a blue-coloured wall. At test, when faced with affine transformations in the arrangement of featural information
that contrasted with the geometric information, chicks showed no evidence of any effect of early experience on their relative
use of geometric and featural information for spatial reorientation. These findings suggest that, at least for this highly
precocial species, the ability to deal with geometry seems to depend more on predisposed mechanisms than on learning and experience
after hatching. 相似文献
63.
David Rose Edouard Machery Stephen Stich Mario Alai Adriano Angelucci Renatas Berninas Emma E. Buchtel Amita Chatterjee Hyundeuk Cheon In‐Rae Cho Daniel Cohnitz Florian Cova Vilius Dranseika ngeles Eraa Lagos Laleh Ghadakpour Maurice Grinberg Ivar Hannikainen Takaaki Hashimoto Amir Horowitz Evgeniya Hristova Yasmina Jraissati Veselina Kadreva Kaori Karasawa Hackjin Kim Yeonjeong Kim Minwoo Lee Carlos Mauro Masaharu Mizumoto Sebastiano Moruzzi Christopher Y. Olivola Jorge Ornelas Barbara Osimani Carlos Romero Alejandro Rosas Lopez Massimo Sangoi Andrea Sereni Sarah Songhorian Paulo Sousa Noel Struchiner Vera Tripodi Naoki Usui Alejandro Vzquez del Mercado Giorgio Volpe Hrag Abraham Vosgerichian Xueyi Zhang Jing Zhu 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2019,53(1):224-247
64.
Training generalized spatial skills 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wright R Thompson WL Ganis G Newcombe NS Kosslyn SM 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(4):763-771
Spatial transformation skills are an essential aspect of cognitive ability. These skills can be improved by practice, but
such improvement has usually been specific to tasks and stimuli. The present study investigated whether intensive long-term
practice leads to change that transcends stimulus and task parameters. Thirty-one participants (14 male, 17 female) were tested
on three cognitive tasks: a computerized version of the Shepard-Metzler (1971) mental rotation task (MRT), a mental paper-folding
task (MPFT), and a verbal analogies task (VAT). Each individual then participated in daily practice sessions with the MRT
or the MPFT over 21 days. Postpractice comparisons revealed transfer of practice gains to novel stimuli for the practiced
task, as well as transfer to the other, nonpracticed spatial task. Thus, practice effects were process based, not instance
based. Improvement in the nonpracticed spatial task was greater than that in the VAT; thus, improvement was not merely due
to greater ease with computerized testing. 相似文献
65.
66.
Marco Zaffanello Giorgio Zamboni Elena Fontana Leonardo Zoccante Luciano Tatò 《Child neuropsychology》2003,9(3):184-188
We report the case of a child with partial biotinidase deficiency and autistic developmental disorder. We arrived at the diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency when the child was almost 4 years of age. Consequently, he began cofactor biotin treatment (10 mg daily) which did not resolve his autistic behavior. His younger brother was affected by partial biotinidase deficiency diagnosed at birth through our neonatal screening program. He was precociously treated with cofactor biotin therapy (10 mg daily) and did not show any behavioral abnormality or developmental delay. Since the brain is quite vulnerable to biotin deficiency, delayed biotin therapy could result in neurological damage. Our patient is the first case of partial biotinidase deficiency associated with autism. We hypothesize that the low biotinidase activity could have caused biotin deficiency in his brain and cerebrospinal fluids and consequently serious neurological problems, such as stereotyped and autistic behaviors, which were irreversible in spite of biotin supplementation. 相似文献
67.
Depth effect from a rotating line of constant length 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
68.
Perceptual alternations in stereokinesis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
When a flat ellipse is slowly rotated in the frontoparallel plane, two different 3-D percepts can be obtained: (i) a rigid circular disc tilting back and forth in 3-D space, and (ii) an elongated egg, slanted into 3-D space, whose end parts seem to be located at different distances from the observer and describe a circular trajectory with respect to the frontal plane. Under prolonged observation, the two 3-D percepts alternate in time, separated by brief intervals in which either the rotation of a rigid flat ellipse in the frontal plane or an amoeba-like distortion of a 2-D shape can be perceived. An experiment is reported in which the sequence of perceptual alternations was investigated. Results show that the 3-D disc is mostly preceded by impressions of elastic amoeba-like deformations, whereas the 3-D egg is mostly preceded by the percept of a rotating flat ellipse. Direct transitions from egg to disc are not as frequent as transitions from disc to egg. Results are discussed in relation to Braunstein and Andersen's hypothesis that phenomena of this sort might result from the stimulation of automatic mechanisms for perceiving size change (changing-size neutral channels). 相似文献
69.
Detour behaviour is the ability of an animal to reach a goal stimulus by moving round any interposed obstacle. It has been widely studied and has been proposed as a test of insight learning in several species of mammals, but few data are available in birds. A comparative study in three species of birds, belonging to different eco-ethological niches, allows a better understanding of the cognitive mechanism of such detour behaviour. Young quails (Coturnix sp.), herring gulls (Larus cachinnans) and canaries (Serinus canaria), 1 month old, 10–25 days old and 4–6 months old, respectively, were tested in a detour situation requiring them to abandon a clear view of a biologically interesting object (their own reflection in a mirror) in order to approach that object. Birds were placed in a closed corridor, at one end of which was a barrier through which the object was visible. Four different types of barrier were used: vertical bar, horizontal bar, grid and transparent. Two symmetrical apertures placed midline in the corridor allowed the birds to adopt routes passing around the barrier. After entering the apertures, birds could turn either right or left to re-establish social contact with the object in the absence of any local sensory cues emanating from it. Quails appeared able to solve the task, though their performance depended on the type of barrier used, which appeared to modulate their relative interest in approaching the object or in exploring the surroundings. Young herring gulls also showed excellent abilities to locate spatially the out-of-view object, except when the transparent barrier was used. Canaries, on the other hand, appeared completely unable to solve the detour task, whatever barrier was in use. It is suggested that these species differences can be accounted for in terms of adaptation to a terrestrial or aerial environment. 相似文献
70.
Geometric modules in animals' spatial representations: a test with chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)
G Vallortigara M Zanforlin G Pasti 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1990,104(3):248-254
Recent work has shown that in place-finding tasks rats rely on the geometric relations between the goal object and the shape of the environment. We tested young chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) on similar tasks in a reference memory paradigm to determine whether differences exist between species in the ability to use geometric and nongeometric spatial information. The main findings were that chicks: (a) encoded and used both geometric and nongeometric (featural) information; (b) did not use the overall spatial arrangement of the features; (c) relied primarily on nongeometric cues when faced with contradictory information. Two mechanisms are evident in chicks' spatial representations: a metric frame for encoding the spatial arrangement of surfaces as surfaces and a cue-guidance system for encoding conspicuous landmarks near the target. The possibility of hierarchical organization and species differences in these two mechanisms are discussed. 相似文献