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121.
Learning to see stereokinetic effects 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Saturn illusion is a stereokinetic effect that occurs when a flat pattern composed of a full ellipse with two symmetrical semirings is rotated slowly in the frontoparallel plane. Subjects report seeing an egg-shaped object inserted into a circular ring, and the two objects move solidly into 3-D space as a single rigid body. Inexperienced observers show a conspicuous delay before reaching this percept. Two experiments are reported in which it is shown that this incubation time progressively decreases with repeated exposures to the stimulus pattern. A certain amount of time (14 s on average) is, however, required to obtain the effect, even after six successive exposures. It is argued that this time, which is independent of the speed of rotation and is not further reducible, is a fixed entity and is needed to compute the most rigid 3-D solution from deformations in the 2-D image. The results are discussed in relation to current theories of perception of structure from motion. 相似文献
122.
Completion of partly occluded objects is a ubiquitous phenomenon in human visual perception. It is unclear, however, whether it occurs at all in other species: Studies on visual discrimination learning have revealed that animals usually attend to parts and features of the discriminative stimuli rather than to global object properties. We provide here the first demonstration of recognition of partly occluded objects in a bird species, the domestic chickGallus gallus, using the naturalistic setting made available by filial imprinting, a process whereby young birds form attachments to their mothers or some artificial substitute. In Experiment 1, newborn chicks were reared singly with a red cardboard triangle, to which they rapidly imprinted and therefore treated as a social partner. On Day 3 of life, the chicks were presented with pairs of objects composed of either isolated fragments or occluded parts of the imprinting stimulus. Chicks consistently chose to associate with complete or with partly occluded versions of the imprinting object rather than with separate fragments of it. Similarly, in Experiment 2, chicks reared with a partly occluded triangle chose to associate with a complete triangle rather than with a fragmented one, whereas chicks reared with a fragmented triangle chose to associate with a fragmented triangle and not with a complete one. Newborn chicks thus appear to behave as if they could experience amodal completion. 相似文献
123.
Five-day-old chicks were accustomed to follow an imprinted object (a small red ball with which they had been reared) that
was moving slowly in a large arena, until it disappeared behind an opaque screen. In experiments, each chick was initially
confined in a transparent cage, from where it could see and track the ball while it moved towards, and then beyond, one of
two screens. The screens could be either identical or differ in colour and pattern. Either immediately after the disappearance
of the ball, or with a certain delay, the chick was released and allowed to search for its imprinted object behind either
screen. The results showed that chicks took into account the directional cue provided by the ball movement and its concealment,
up to a delay period of about 180 s, independently of the perceptual characteristics of the two screens. If an opaque partition
was positioned in front of the transparent cage immediately after the ball had disappeared, so that, throughout the delay,
neither the goal-object nor the two screens were visible, chicks were still capable of remembering and choosing the correct
screen, though over a much shorter period of about 60 s. The results suggest that, at least in this precocial bird species,
very young chicks can maintain some form of representation of the location where a social partner was last seen, and are also
capable of continuously updating this representation so as to take into account successive displacements of the goal-object.
Received: 17 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 March 1998 相似文献
124.
Social discrimination in male and female domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) was investigated by using (a) latencies of approach response, (b) simultaneous free choice, and (c) intersubject aggressive-pecking tests. In approach-response tests, females showed shorter latencies when tested with cagemates than when tested with strangers, whereas males showed shorter latencies when tested with strangers than when tested with cagemates. In simultaneous-choice tests, females spent more time near a cagemate, whereas males spent more time near a strange chick. In aggressive-pecking tests, both sexes pecked more at strangers than at cagemates; aggressive pecking at strangers, however, was higher in males than in females. It is argued that gender effects in social discrimination can be accounted for in terms of stronger social attachment in females and aggressive responses in males. 相似文献
125.
126.
Minimization of modal contours: an essential cross-species strategy in disambiguating relative depth 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Two chromatically identical patterns, a diamond and a ladder, were shown on a computer touchscreen. Domestic hens were reinforced
for pecking at the pattern that was the highest up on a grid that provided pictorial depth information, i.e. on the pattern
that to a human appears as being the furthest away. Every tenth trial was a non-rewarded probe trial with the two patterns
partially overlapping. In the absence of other cues depth stratification can occur on the basis of a minimization of interpolated
occluding contours. In humans the diamond is usually perceived to be in front of the ladder because shorter interpolated contours
are needed to account for the occlusive effect of the diamond on the ladder. The hens pecked more often at the ladder during
the probe trials. The results suggest that the avian and mammalian visual systems operate along similar principles when dealing
with the problem of solving occlusion indeterminacy in chromatically homogeneous patterns.
Received: 26 March 1999 / Accepted after revision: 17 September 1999 相似文献
127.
Francesca Chiesi Giorgio Gronchi Caterina Primi 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2008,62(3):188-191
Conjunctive probabilistic reasoning has been studied at different ages to ascertain whether the conjunction fallacy is due to a task demand misinterpretation. Such a misinterpretation might occur because a task that requires a comparison between a superordinate class A and a subordinate class A&B is mistakenly interpreted as requiring a comparison between the two complementary subordinate classes of A (i.e., A&B and A¬B). Children (7- and 10-year-olds) and adults were required to make conjunctive probability judgments about problems for which explicit objective probabilities were provided. The total number of A items was kept constant and the frequencies of the A&B and of the A¬B items varied across problems. When the number of A&B items was smaller than the number of A¬B items, the frequency of congruent responses increased with age. When the number of A&B items was greater or equal to that of the A¬B items, the frequency of correct answers decreased. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
128.
Spatial reorientation in large and small enclosures: comparative and developmental perspectives 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Several vertebrate species, including humans, following passive spatial disorientation appear to be able to reorient themselves
by making use of the geometric shape of the environment (i.e., metric properties of surfaces and directional sense). In some
circumstances, reliance on such purely geometric information can overcome the use of local featural cues (landmarks). The
relative use of geometric and non-geometric information seems to depend upon, among other factors, the size of the experimental
space. Evidence in non-human animals and in human infants for primacy in encoding either geometric or landmark information
depending on the size of the environment is reviewed, together with possible theoretical accounts of this phenomenon. 相似文献
129.
This study examined overall hopelessness, explored differences in various variables (e.g. burnout) between men reporting no/mild hopelessness and moderate/severe hopelessness, and scrutinized factors associated with hopelessness. The study design was cross-sectional, and the participants were 517 men randomly selected from the general population. About 12% of men reported moderate/severe hopelessness, and men with moderate/severe hopelessness were more often older, divorced/widowed, low educated, employed in blue-collar positions, on sick leave/other/unemployment/retirement, and financially strained. They also reported more depression, posttraumatic symptoms, and burnout. Only unemployment/retirement, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms were independently associated with an increased risk for moderate/severe hopelessness in the regression analysis, with unemployment and retirement as the most important factors. In conclusion, this study seems to corroborate previous findings and may provide new insights into men's experiences and predictors of hopelessness. More research into the predictors of hopelessness in men is warranted. 相似文献
130.
Giorgio De Michelis Marco Loregian Claudio Moderini 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2009,22(1):71-78
Background In the last 30 years, there has been little innovation in workstations. The desktop metaphor has become the standard user
interface, with its pros (e.g., ease of learning) and cons (e.g., interaction constraints for skilled users, lack of context
awareness).
Objectives In this paper, we present itsme, an Italian initiative to design the next-generation workstation. Interaction design is the basis of the project, as well
as the involvement of a wide community of contributing users.
Results The early design phases of the project led to the definition of a new metaphor for personal computing, based on stories and
venues. The metaphor is being adopted for the development of a novel front-end for the Linux operating system, aimed at fulfilling
the needs and desires of knowledge workers.
相似文献
Claudio ModeriniEmail: URL: http://www.itsme.it |