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排序方式: 共有159条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
111.
Cinzia Chiandetti Elizabeth S. Spelke Giorgio Vallortigara 《Developmental science》2015,18(6):972-978
A fundamental process underlying navigation behaviour, shown to occur in every species tested, uses geometric properties of the environment for location memory and orientation. Here we employ a new method to ask whether this basic geometric orientation ability is innately predisposed in the brain or depends on specific experiences navigating in a geometrically rich environment. Using the newborn domestic chick as a model system, we present a working memory task testing reorientation towards a filial imprinting object under rigorous controlled rearing conditions. In the absence of any previous exposure to a geometrically rich environment, newly hatched chicks spontaneously recovered their bearings by making use of distances and directional relations to reorient themselves to an artificial social partner. These findings provide evidence for an innate capacity to navigate by the geometric structure of the environment. 相似文献
112.
G Vallortigara 《Perception》1987,16(4):449-452
Several demonstrations on the apparent movement in depth of subjective figures are presented. They include: (a) apparent rotational movement as a result of shape invariance or rigidity; (b) apparent rotational movement with three-dimensional subjective figures not accompanied by a brightness gradient; and (c) apparent rotational movement by kinetic occlusion. 相似文献
113.
Giorgio De Marchis María del Prado Rivero Expósito José Manuel Reales Avilés 《Cognitive processing》2013,14(4):401-410
Several sources of interference may simultaneously affect the onset of the well-known “Stroop effect.” Among them is the semantic component, which is reflected in the gradient or semantic effect. This effect consists of an increase in the amount of interference as the semantic distance between the word and the color concept decreases. Shepard (Science 237:1317–1323, 1987) relates psychological space, measured through multidimensional scaling, to mean response times. The present investigation aims to study the function relating the semantic gradient with the psychological distance between the word and the color in a Stroop task. After measuring the gradient, we obtained the subjective rating of the degree of dissimilarity of the gradient words with the concept of “color.” In our work, we show that the amount of interference in a Stroop task increases when the semantic distance from the word to the color concept decreases, and it does so exponentially. We replicated the study with different stimuli to test the robustness of the results. 相似文献
114.
115.
The question of whether preference for consonance is rooted in acoustic properties important to the auditory system or is acquired through enculturation has not yet been resolved. Two-month-old infants prefer consonant over dissonant intervals, but it is possible that this preference is rapidly acquired through exposure to music soon after birth or in utero. Controlled-rearing studies with animals can help shed light on this question because such studies allow researchers to distinguish between biological predispositions and learned preferences. In the research reported here, we found that newly hatched domestic chicks show a spontaneous preference for a visual imprinting object associated with consonant sound intervals over an identical object associated with dissonant sound intervals. We propose that preference for harmonic relationships between frequency components may be related to the prominence of harmonic spectra in biological sounds in natural environments. 相似文献
116.
Enzo Grossi Pier Luigi Sacco Giorgio Tavano Blessi Renata Cerutti 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(4):387-410
The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between cultural access and individual psychological well-being, in order
to provide a possible estimation of the impact of cultural participation upon subjective perceptions of well being. Our exploratory
research was based on a cross-sectional survey undertook on a medium-large sample (n = 1500) of Italian residents in fall 2008. We refer to the Psychological General Well-Being Index–PGWBI, a tool that has
been validated through 30 years of research, as an index of measurement. Moreover, we have administered to the sample an additional
questionnaire inquiring about access to 15 distinct culturally related activities. Data are processed by means of a specific
methodology based on ANN and Called TWIST. TWIST has been developed by the Semeion Research Center, Rome. Our analysis suggests
that culture has a relevant role as a determinant of individual psychological well-being, in that a selected subset of cultural
variables turn out to perform among the best predictors of individual PGWB levels. Our results also allow some preliminary
considerations about innovative, well-being focused public health policies leveraging upon the human and social developmental
role of culture. 相似文献
117.
Tasca GA Balfour L Presniak MD Bissada H 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2012,62(2):197-218
We assessed whether an attachment-based treatment, Group Psychodynamic Interpersonal Psychotherapy (GPIP) had a greater impact compared to Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT) on Cold/Distant and Intrusive/Needy interpersonal problems. Ninety-five individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) were randomized to GPIP or GCBT and assessed at pre-, post-, and six months post-treatment. Both therapies resulted in a significant decrease in all eight interpersonal problem subscales except the Nonassertive subscale. GPIP resulted in a greater reduction in the Cold/Distant subscale compared to GCBT, but no differences were found for changes in the Intrusive/Needy subscale. GPIP may be most relevant for those with BED who have Cold/Distant interpersonal problems and attachment avoidance. 相似文献
118.
Although few studies have systematically investigated the relationship between visual mental imagery and visual working memory,
work on the effects of passive visual interference has generally demonstrated a dissociation between the two functions. In
four experiments, we investigated a possible commonality between the two functions: We asked whether both rely on depictive
representations. Participants judged the visual properties of letters using visual mental images or pictures of unfamiliar
letters stored in short-term memory. Participants performed both tasks with two different types of interference: sequences
of unstructured visual masks (consisting of randomly changing white and black dots) or sequences of structured visual masks
(consisting of fragments of letters). The structured visual noise contained elements of depictive representations (i.e., shape
fragments arrayed in space), and hence should interfere with stored depictive representations; the unstructured visual noise
did not contain such elements, and thus should not interfere as much with such stored representations. Participants did in
fact make more errors in both tasks with sequences of structured visual masks. Various controls converged in demonstrating
that in both tasks participants used representations that depicted the shapes of the letters. These findings not only constrain
theories of visual mental imagery and visual working memory, but also have direct implications for why some studies have failed
to find that dynamic visual noise interferes with visual working memory. 相似文献
119.
Enzo Grossi Giorgio Tavano Blessi Pier Luigi Sacco Massimo Buscema 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2012,13(1):129-148
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of health status and cultural participation upon psychological well-being,
with special attention to the interaction between patterns of cultural access and other factors known to affect psychological
well-being. Data for this report were collected from a sample of 1,500 Italian citizens. A multi-step random sampling method
was adopted to draw a large representative sample from the Italian population. Subjects underwent a standard questionnaire
for psychological well-being [the Italian short form of the Psychological General Well Being Index (PGWBI)], and a questionnaire
related to the frequency of participation to 15 different kinds of cultural activities during the previous year. The results
show that, among the various potential factors considered, cultural access unexpectedly rankes as the second most important
determinant of psychological well-being, immediately after the absence or presence of diseases, and outperforming factors
such as job, age, income, civil status, education, place of living and other important factors. According to a semantic map
generated by a powerful data mining algorithm, it turns out that different factors (among which cultural access and health
status in particular) may be viewed as concurrent elements of a complex multi-causal scheme that seems to play a primary role
in determining psychological distress or well-being. In particular, distress seems to be tightly connected with: living in
the Southern part of Italy, average income level, living in semi-urban and urban areas, age group 46–60, presence of more
than two concomitant diseases and a low level of cultural access. Well being, on the other hand, is tightly connected with:
male gender, high cultural access, and absence of diseases. Some of these associations are confirmed by Principal Component
Analysis. 相似文献
120.