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161.
Contrasting linguistic and nonlinguistic processing has been of interest to many researchers with different scientific, theoretical,
or clinical questions. However, previous work on this type of comparative analysis and experimentation has been limited. In
particular, little is known about the differences and similarities between the perceptual, cognitive, and neural processing
of nonverbal environmental sounds and that of speech sounds. With the aim of contrasting verbal and nonverbal processing in
the auditory modality, we developed a new on-line measure that can be administered to subjects from different clinical, neurological,
or sociocultural groups. This is an on-line task of sound to picture matching, in which the sounds are either environmental
sounds or their linguistic equivalents and which is controlled for potential task and item confounds across the two sound
types. Here, we describe the design and development of our measure and report norming data for healthy subjects from two different
adult age groups: younger adults (18–24 years of age) and older adults (54–78 years of age). We also outline other populations
to which the test has been or is being administered. In addition to the results reported here, the test can be useful to other
researchers who are interested in systematically contrasting verbal and nonverbal auditory processing in other populations. 相似文献
162.
The odd-even effect is a well documented finding in the literature on mental arithmetic, at least for multiplication. It implies that false answers with the same parity as the correct answer are rejected more slowly than false answers with a different parity. For addition, this effect is not so well documented. The study by Krueger and Hallford (1984) is the only one that investigated odd-even effects for addition. However, they did not investigate odd-even effects per problem, even though there are indications that problem type can modulate odd-even effects for multiplication (Lemaire & Reder, 1999). Therefore, we wanted to get more insight into odd-even effects for addition by investigating odd-even effects per problem type. Our results extended the findings of Krueger and Hallford. First of all, we found an interaction between split and problem type. The most important and new result of present study, however, was a strong parity effect for E + E problems. We discuss our results in terms of two alternative explanations for odd-even effects, namely use of a parity rule on the one hand and familiarity with even outcomes on the other. 相似文献
163.
A number of studies have shown that the scale of social dominance orientation (SDO), used to measure the degree of preference
for inequality among social groups, is a predictive measure of social and political attitudes toward stigmatized outgroups.
However, the relationship between SDO and discrimination has received little attention. The main goal of this study was to
assess the validity of a new computer-based method used to measure discriminatory behaviors in a laboratory setting. An additional
goal was to test the mediating role of prejudice in the relation between SDO and discrimination. The results provide a first
validation of this new method and demonstrate that the effect of SDO on discrimination is mediated by prejudice. 相似文献
164.
Dorothée?LegrandEmail author Franck?Grammont 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2005,4(3):249-257
We discuss the justification of Bickle's “ruthless” reductionism. Bickle intends to show that we know enough about neurons
to draw conclusions about the “whole” brain and about the mind. However, his reductionism does not take into account the complexity
of the nervous system and the fact that new properties emerge at each significant level of integration from the coupled functioning
of elementary components. From a methodological point of view, we argue that neuronal and cognitive models have to exert a
mutual constraint(MC) on each other. This approach would refuse to award any priority of cognitive approaches over neuroscience, and reciprocally,
to refuse any priority of neuroscience over cognitive approaches. MC thus argues against radicalreductionism at the methodological level. 相似文献
165.
Avila C Cuenca I Félix V Parcet MA Miranda A 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2004,32(3):295-304
Seven different laboratory measures of impulsivity were administered to a group of 165 school-aged boys. Parents' and teachers' ratings of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional/Defiant Disorder were also obtained. Factor analyses of impulsivity measures revealed the existence of a strong Inhibitory Control Factor including measures derived from Stop Task, the Continuous Performance Test, the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and the Circle Tracing Task. Other forms of impulsivity like resistance to interference, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and efficiency in the DRL Task loaded on a second independent factor. The Inhibitory Control factor was correlated with ADHD ratings, whereas the second factor was slightly related to the presence of ODD symptoms. Discussion is focused on the relevance of inhibitory control in impulsivity and ADHD research. 相似文献
166.
167.
This study explored the effects of ageing on working memory by means of the directed forgetting procedure designed by Reed (1970). Memory for a letter trigram was compared in conditions where it was either presented alone (single-item), or followed by a second trigram to be recalled (interference), or followed by a second trigram to be forgotten (directed forgetting). The results clearly indicated that elderly participants inhibited the no-longer-relevant information less efficiently (recall in the single-item condition - recall in the directed forgetting condition), as predicted by the model of Hasher and Zacks (1988). However, the results also demonstrated that sensitivity to interference (recall in the single-item condition - recall in the interference condition) increased in the condition in which no inhibition was directly required. 相似文献
168.
Abstract-Examining the receptive fields of brain signals can elucidate how information impinging on the former modulates the latter. We applied this time-honored approach in early vision to the higher-level brain processes underlying face categorizations. Electroencephalograms in response to face-information samples were recorded while observers resolved two different categorizations (gender, expressive or not). Using a method with low bias and low variance, we compared, in a common space of information states, the information determining behavior (accuracy and reaction time) with the information that modulates emergent brain signals associated with early face encoding and later category decision. Our results provide a time line for face processing in which selective attention to diagnostic information for categorizing stimuli (the eyes and their second-order relationships in gender categorization; the mouth in expressive-or-not categorization) correlates with late electrophysiological (P300) activity, whereas early face-sensitive occipito-temporal (N170) activity is mainly driven by the contralateral eye, irrespective of the categorization task. 相似文献
169.
Postextinction infusion of a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor into the medial prefrontal cortex impairs memory of the extinction of conditioned fear 下载免费PDF全文
We investigated whether postextinction training infusion of PD098059, a selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, into the medial prefrontal cortex, would impair retention of extinction learning in rats. We found that immediate, but not late (2 or 4 h), postextinction infusion of PD098059 provoked a full return of conditioned freezing. These results suggest that activation of prefrontal MAPK in early stages of postextinction training participates in processes that protect against spontaneous recovery of aversive responses. 相似文献
170.
According to the perceptual symbols theory (Barsalou, 1999), sensorimotor simulations underlie the representation of concepts.
Simulations are componential in the sense that they vary with the context in which the concept is presented. In the present
study, we investigated whether representations are affected by recent experiences with a concept. Concept names (e.g., APPLE)
were presented twice in a property verification task with a different property on each occasion. The two properties were either
from the same perceptual modality (e.g.,green, shiny) or from different modalities (e.g.,tart, shiny). All stimuli were words. There was a lag of several intervening trials between the first and second presentation. Verification
times and error rates for the second presentation of the concept were higher if the properties were from different modalities
than if they were from the same modality. 相似文献