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521.
Chris Loersch Henk Aarts Valerie E. Jefferis 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(6):1555-1558
Goal contagion is the automatic adoption of a goal upon perceiving another’s goal-directed behavior (Aarts, H., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Hassin, R. R. (2004). Goal contagion: Perceiving is for pursuing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 23-37). This paper tests the hypothesis that goal contagion is more likely between people who belong to the same groups. Because past work on goal contagion has required participants to read about the behavior of others, we also test whether goals are caught when one sees rather than reads about another’s motivated behavior. Across three studies, this ecologically valid methodology reliably produced goal contagion, and this effect was more likely to emerge when participants shared a group membership with those they observed. In Study 1, participants were more likely to take on the goal of individuals who belonged to their same university. Study 2 demonstrated that this effect occurred even when participants were not explicitly focused on the group membership of others. A final study verified that our effects were motivational by demonstrating that failing at a goal relevant task increased negative affect, but only for those who viewed the motivated behavior of someone from their own group. 相似文献
522.
We examined absolute-pitch (AP) and short-term musical memory abilities of five musical savants with congenital blindness, seven musicians, and seven non-musicians with good vision and normal intelligence in two experiments. In the first, short-term memory for musical phrases was tested and the savants and musicians performed statistically indistinguishably, both significantly outperforming the non-musicians and remembering more material from the C major scale sequences than random trials. In the second experiment, participants learnt associations between four pitches and four objects using a non-verbal paradigm. This experiment approximates to testing AP ability. Low statistical power meant the savants were not statistically better than the musicians, although only the savants scored statistically higher than the non-musicians. The results are evidence for a musical module, separate from general intelligence; they also support the anecdotal reporting of AP in musical savants, which is thought to be necessary for the development of musical-savant skill. 相似文献
523.
The hypothesis that possessing multiple subordinate-group identities renders a person “invisible” relative to those with a single subordinate-group identity is developed. We propose that androcentric, ethnocentric, and heterocentric ideologies will cause people who have multiple subordinate-group identities to be defined as non-prototypical members of their respective identity groups. Because people with multiple subordinate-group identities (e.g., ethnic minority woman) do not fit the prototypes of their respective identity groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women), they will experience what we have termed “intersectional invisibility.” In this article, our model of intersectional invisibility is developed and evidence from historical narratives, cultural representations, interest-group politics, and anti-discrimination legal frameworks is used to illustrate its utility. Implications for social psychological theory and research are discussed. 相似文献
524.
Valerie D. Lehr 《Sexuality & culture》2008,12(4):204-220
Neo-liberal society asserts that adults should be independent and responsible for themselves, and that children and adolescents
should be dependent on their parents. The earlier construction of the concept of adolescence makes this seem obviously true.
Yet if we remember that “adolescence” was part of a project of gender, race, and class construction, it becomes easier to
ask whether adolescence is a meaningful concept and a stage of life or whether it continues to be a component of an ideology
that relies on the construction of “others.” In this chapter, I suggest that adolescence plays the latter role, and that although
the naturalization of adolescence is particularly dangerous for groups like queer youth who are at the margins of society,
it is dangerous for all young people because it limits sexual agency. This is particularly important because increasingly
society requires that young people consider their futures not from the assumption that they will move into well-defined roles,
but with the assumption that they will need to define new ways of relating.
相似文献
Valerie D. LehrEmail: |
525.
An additional antecedent of empathic concern: valuing the welfare of the person in need 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Batson CD Eklund JH Chermok VL Hoyt JL Ortiz BG 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2007,93(1):65-74
Two experiments examined the role of valuing the welfare of a person in need as an antecedent of empathic concern. Specifically, these experiments explored the relation of such valuing to a well-known antecedent--perspective taking. In Experiment 1, both perspective taking and valuing were manipulated, and each independently increased empathic concern, which, in turn, increased helping behavior. In Experiment 2, only valuing was manipulated. Manipulated valuing increased measured perspective taking and, in part as a result, increased empathic concern, which, in turn, increased helping. Valuing appears to be an important, largely overlooked, situational antecedent of feeling empathy for a person in need. 相似文献
526.
Valerie H. Myers Bret A. Boyer James D. Herbert Lamia P. Barakat Gary Scheiner 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(1):11-21
This study investigated the prevalence of hypoglycemic fear (FH) and hypoglycemia-specific posttraumatic stress (PTS) among
individuals with Type I diabetes. Over 25% of participants met diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. High percentages of participants
endorsed PTS symptom clusters, suggesting that individuals may be experiencing distress without necessarily meeting diagnostic
criteria. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that perceived threat of death from hypoglycemia and FH were
significantly related to PTS. Number of recent hypoglycemic episodes did not predict PTS/PTSD. Depression and nonspecific
anxiety did not contribute to the statistical prediction of PTSD, suggesting that symptomatology endorsed represents hypoglycemia-specific
anxiety rather than global psychological distress. The hypothesis that greater PTS symptomatology would relate to poorer glycemic
control was unsubstantiated. Perceived death-threat from hypoglycemia and nonspecific anxiety were the only variables that
contributed to prediction of glycemic control, suggesting that PTS did not represent a significant barrier for glycemic control
in this sample. 相似文献
527.
Effects of Message Framing on Breast-Cancer-Related Beliefs and Behaviors: The Role of Mediating Factors 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The effects of gain-loss message framing on breast-cancer-related cognitions and behaviors were assessed among 539 women aged 30 to 70 years. The design involved a prebrochure telephone interview, followed by a brochure mailout, and a postbrochure telephone interview. The brochures contained information about breast cancer and the risk of family history. Recommended behaviors were framed to emphasize gains, losses, or were neutral; and statistical risk information was presented either positively or negatively. Measures included demographics, family history, breast self-examination (BSE) performance, BSE intention, self-efficacy in performing BSE, perceived early detection risk of breast cancer, perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, and anxiety about breast cancer. A loss-framed message led to greater positive change in BSE behavior. Interactions between framing effects and variables of issue involvement, perceived early detection risk, and self-efficacy indicated effects on behavior, but not beliefs. 相似文献
528.
Two experiments pitted the default-interventionist account of belief bias against a parallel-processing model. According to the former, belief bias occurs because a fast, belief-based evaluation of the conclusion pre-empts a working-memory demanding logical analysis. In contrast, according to the latter both belief-based and logic-based responding occur in parallel. Participants were given deductive reasoning problems of variable complexity and instructed to decide whether the conclusion was valid on half the trials or to decide whether the conclusion was believable on the other half. When belief and logic conflict, the default-interventionist view predicts that it should take less time to respond on the basis of belief than logic, and that the believability of a conclusion should interfere with judgments of validity, but not the reverse. The parallel-processing view predicts that beliefs should interfere with logic judgments only if the processing required to evaluate the logical structure exceeds that required to evaluate the knowledge necessary to make a belief-based judgment, and vice versa otherwise. Consistent with this latter view, for the simplest reasoning problems (modus ponens), judgments of belief resulted in lower accuracy than judgments of validity, and believability interfered more with judgments of validity than the converse. For problems of moderate complexity (modus tollens and single-model syllogisms), the interference was symmetrical, in that validity interfered with belief judgments to the same degree that believability interfered with validity judgments. For the most complex (three-term multiple-model syllogisms), conclusion believability interfered more with judgments of validity than vice versa, in spite of the significant interference from conclusion validity on judgments of belief. 相似文献
529.
Allison Carter Saara Greene Deborah Money Margarite Sanchez Kath Webster Valerie Nicholson Jessica Whitbread Kate Salters Sophie Patterson Mona Loutfy Neora Pick Lori A. Brotto Catherine Hankins Angela Kaida 《Sex roles》2017,77(11-12):779-800
In the context of HIV, women’s sexual rights and sexual autonomy are important but frequently overlooked and violated. Guided by community voices, feminist theories, and qualitative empirical research, we reviewed two decades of global quantitative research on sexuality among women living with HIV. In the 32 studies we found, conducted in 25 countries and composed mostly of cis-gender heterosexual women, sexuality was narrowly constructed as sexual behaviours involving risk (namely, penetration) and physiological dysfunctions relating to HIV illness, with far less attention given to the fullness of sexual lives in context, including more positive and rewarding experiences such as satisfaction and pleasure. Findings suggest that women experience declines in sexual activity, function, satisfaction, and pleasure following HIV diagnosis, at least for some period. The extent of such declines, however, is varied, with numerous contextual forces shaping women’s sexual well-being. Clinical markers of HIV (e.g., viral load, CD4 cell count) poorly predicted sexual outcomes, interrupting widely held assumptions about sexuality for women with HIV. Instead, the effects of HIV-related stigma intersecting with inequities related to trauma, violence, intimate relations, substance use, poverty, aging, and other social and cultural conditions primarily influenced the ways in which women experienced and enacted their sexuality. However, studies framed through a medical lens tended to pathologize outcomes as individual “problems,” whereas others driven by a public health agenda remained primarily preoccupied with protecting the public from HIV. In light of these findings, we present a new feminist approach for research, policy, and practice toward understanding and enhancing women’s sexual lives—one that affirms sexual diversity; engages deeply with society, politics, and history; and is grounded in women’s sexual rights. 相似文献
530.
A Multilevel Examination of the Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Work–Family Outcomes
Valerie J. Morganson Debra A. Major Michael L. Litano 《Journal of business and psychology》2017,32(4):379-393