MorePower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis

MorePower 6.0 is a flexible freeware statistical calculator that computes sample size, effect size, and power statistics for factorial ANOVA designs. It also calculates relational confidence intervals for ANOVA effects based on formulas from Jarmasz and Hollands (Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 63:124–138, 2009), as well as Bayesian posterior probabilities for the null and alternative hypotheses based on formulas in Masson (Behavior Research Methods 43:679–690, 2011). The program is unique in affording direct comparison of these three approaches to the interpretation of ANOVA tests. Its high numerical precision and ability to work with complex ANOVA designs could facilitate researchers’ attention to issues of statistical power, Bayesian analysis, and the use of confidence intervals for data interpretation. MorePower 6.0 is available at https://wiki.usask.ca/pages/viewpageattachments.action?pageId=420413544.     

What Looks Like Sexism and Why? The Effect of Comment Type and Perpetrator Type on Women's Perceptions of Sexism

ABSTRACT. Sexist comments are not perceived equally in the eyes of women. We extend previous research by examining the degree to which multiple types of potentially sexist comments made by multiple types of men are perceived as sexist. Further, we examine the degree to which three possible mediators—prototypicality, perceived intent, and interdependence—explained these effects. Female undergraduate students (N = 248) were randomly assigned to read a scenario in which a hostile sexist, benevolent sexist, or objectifying comment was made by one of three types of men: a stranger, their boss, or their boyfriend. Results demonstrate that hostile sexism was perceived as more sexist than benevolent sexism or objectification. Comments made by boyfriends were also rated as less sexist than those made by bosses or strangers. Furthermore, perceptions of prototypicality of the comment or perpetrator and perceived intent to harm mediated the effect of study manipulations on perceptions of sexism.     

Teacher involvement as a protective factor from the association between race-based bullying and smoking initiation

Experiencing bullying as a victim is associated with negative health and health behavior outcomes, including substance use, among adolescents. However, understandings of protective factors—factors that enhance adolescents’ resilience to the negative consequences of bullying—remain limited. The current study investigates whether teacher involvement protects adolescent students from the association between being bullied due to race and smoking initiation. Students were recruited from 12 Kindergarten through 8th grade schools in an urban school district in the Northeast United States. The analytic sample included 769 students who responded to surveys in 5th or 6th grade (2009), and two years later in 7th or 8th grade (2011). Students primarily identified as Latino and/or Black, and 90 % were eligible for free or reduced lunch. Fifty-four (7 %) students initiated smoking between survey time points. Among students reporting lower teacher involvement, race-based bullying was associated with higher likelihood of smoking initiation (OR \(=\) 1.69, \(p =0.03\) ). In contrast, among students reporting higher teacher involvement, race-based bullying was not associated with higher likelihood of smoking initiation (OR \(=\) 0.95, \(p =0.81\) ). Results suggest that teacher involvement may protect students from the association between race-based bullying and smoking initiation. Enhancing teacher involvement among students experiencing race-based bullying in schools may limit smoking initiation.     

Understanding and working with existential information in a Norwegian adolescent psychiatry context: a need and a challenge

This is one of several studies on existential information in psychotherapy in Southern Norway. The aim of this study was to explore how therapists' backgrounds and existential information influence their therapeutic practice and philosophy of care, and the use of existential information in psychotherapy. The method used was qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Through emerging themes from the interviews and clinical case illustrations, information relating to therapists' backgrounds and existential orientations strongly influenced: therapeutic practice, philosophy of care, and if as well as how existential information was used in therapy. Professional and continued education/training in this area were insufficient. However, the area itself was considered essential for understanding clients' psychosocial and sociocultural needs in multicultural Norway. Therapists expressed the importance of communication about existential information. Clinical examples were given that focused on this information's usefulness for identifying strategies addressing both salutogenic and pathogenic aspects of adolescent psychosocial functioning. Clinical educational and training insufficiencies related to working with existential information were noted. Although strategic thinking and organisational framework in the working context permitted existential information to be raised in therapy, many expressed the lacking of methodological confidence and training in this area. Education and training were, therefore, priorities. Accessing this type of information with all clients, whatever their existential information, was emphasised for strengthening the therapeutic alliance.     

Role of HIV serostatus,relationship status of the patient,homophobia, and social desirability of the psychologist on decisions regarding confidentiality

Abstract

What factors influence a psychologist's decision to maintain or break confidentiality of an HIV-positive patient? Dangerousness (serostatus), identifiability (relationship status of patient and third party), homophobia, and impression management were the major factors examined. The sample was composed of 236 psychologists and psychologists in training attending the 1994 American Psychological Association (APA) convention in Los Angeles, California. They were given 16 scenarios depicting four different situations with patients at various HIV risk levels, and measures determining levels of impression management and homophobia. A majority (51% to 92.2%, depending on the scenario) of the respondents chose to maintain confidentiality in all scenarios. Participants were least likely to maintain confidentiality in scenarios describing a high level of dangerousness and identifiability.     

Understanding responses to predictive genetic testing: A grounded theory approach

Abstract

In view of the absence of data concerning the understanding and experience of families in which one or more members have undergone predictive genetic testing, a pilot study using a qualitative methodology was conducted with members of families at risk for the late-onset genetic disease, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Semistructured interviews were conducted to elicit illness representations, with responses tape-recorded and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Several themes emerged. The most striking was that when genetic testing indicated an extremely low risk of developing the disease, there was a desire to continue regular bowel screening, even though it was experienced as extremely aversive. Possible explanations draw upon both other themes of the interviews, and psychological models. The role of “functional pessimism” and “uncertain wellness” in maintaining a high threat from the disease, and the role of reinforcement and the nature of tests in providing bowel screening with a high value are discussed.     

Predictors of distress following an acute stroke: Disability,control cognitions,and satisfaction with care

Abstract

Whilst clinical predictors of distress following acute stroke have been identified (e.g., lesion site), this study hypothesised that greater prediction would be achieved by addressing individual differences in patients' cognitions (e.g., perceived control, satisfaction with care, recovery confidence) and coping responses. We examined these relationships in a longitudinal study of 71 survivors of acute stroke. Measures were collected at three time points: 10-20 days after the stroke, and one month and six months after hospital discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed using only significant bivariate correlates and where the dependent variables were residualised scores which controlled for baseline levels of anxiety and depression. Satisfaction with treatment and confidence in recovery at one month predicted anxiety outcome at six months, and satisfaction with advice and confidence in recovery at one month predicted depression outcome at six months. These results offer tentative suggestions for interventions targeting patient cognitions and improving patient satisfaction.     

RECENT STUDIES ON FEEDING PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

This paper reviews recent studies on behavioral interventions for children with autism and feeding problems. The applicability of interventions that have been tested with other populations of children with feeding problems is discussed, as well as directions for future research.