L’internalisation des stéréotypes chez les « petits » fonctionnaires : impact du contact avec le public et du prestige perçu

This paper focuses on the internalization of stereotypes among French office workers in the lower category (category C). More precisely, we investigated the impact of two independent factors on this internalization of stereotypes: the perceived external prestige and public contact. Results obtained using questionnaires completed by 175 office workers have mainly showed that, in accordance with previous studies, the external prestige perceived influence significantly the internalization of stereotypes. But, contrary to previous studies, the frequency of contacts with the public has no impact on the internalization of stereotypes in our sample. Our results invite furter work on this population of office employees who is, paradoxically, increasingly confronted with stereotypes but subject of very few studies.     

MorePower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis

MorePower 6.0 is a flexible freeware statistical calculator that computes sample size, effect size, and power statistics for factorial ANOVA designs. It also calculates relational confidence intervals for ANOVA effects based on formulas from Jarmasz and Hollands (Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 63:124–138, 2009), as well as Bayesian posterior probabilities for the null and alternative hypotheses based on formulas in Masson (Behavior Research Methods 43:679–690, 2011). The program is unique in affording direct comparison of these three approaches to the interpretation of ANOVA tests. Its high numerical precision and ability to work with complex ANOVA designs could facilitate researchers’ attention to issues of statistical power, Bayesian analysis, and the use of confidence intervals for data interpretation. MorePower 6.0 is available at https://wiki.usask.ca/pages/viewpageattachments.action?pageId=420413544.     

Simultaneous control of attention by multiple working memory representations

Working memory representations play a key role in controlling attention by making it possible to shift attention to task-relevant objects. Visual working memory has a capacity of three to four objects, but recent studies suggest that only one representation can guide attention at a given moment. We directly tested this proposal by monitoring eye movements while observers performed a visual search task in which they attempted to limit attention to objects drawn in two colors. When the observers were motivated to attend to one color at a time, they searched many consecutive items of one color (long run lengths) and exhibited a delay prior to switching gaze from one color to the other (switch cost). In contrast, when they were motivated to attend to both colors simultaneously, observers' gaze switched back and forth between the two colors frequently (short run lengths), with no switch cost. Thus, multiple working memory representations can concurrently guide attention.     

What Looks Like Sexism and Why? The Effect of Comment Type and Perpetrator Type on Women's Perceptions of Sexism

ABSTRACT. Sexist comments are not perceived equally in the eyes of women. We extend previous research by examining the degree to which multiple types of potentially sexist comments made by multiple types of men are perceived as sexist. Further, we examine the degree to which three possible mediators—prototypicality, perceived intent, and interdependence—explained these effects. Female undergraduate students (N = 248) were randomly assigned to read a scenario in which a hostile sexist, benevolent sexist, or objectifying comment was made by one of three types of men: a stranger, their boss, or their boyfriend. Results demonstrate that hostile sexism was perceived as more sexist than benevolent sexism or objectification. Comments made by boyfriends were also rated as less sexist than those made by bosses or strangers. Furthermore, perceptions of prototypicality of the comment or perpetrator and perceived intent to harm mediated the effect of study manipulations on perceptions of sexism.     

Teacher involvement as a protective factor from the association between race-based bullying and smoking initiation

Experiencing bullying as a victim is associated with negative health and health behavior outcomes, including substance use, among adolescents. However, understandings of protective factors—factors that enhance adolescents’ resilience to the negative consequences of bullying—remain limited. The current study investigates whether teacher involvement protects adolescent students from the association between being bullied due to race and smoking initiation. Students were recruited from 12 Kindergarten through 8th grade schools in an urban school district in the Northeast United States. The analytic sample included 769 students who responded to surveys in 5th or 6th grade (2009), and two years later in 7th or 8th grade (2011). Students primarily identified as Latino and/or Black, and 90 % were eligible for free or reduced lunch. Fifty-four (7 %) students initiated smoking between survey time points. Among students reporting lower teacher involvement, race-based bullying was associated with higher likelihood of smoking initiation (OR \(=\) 1.69, \(p =0.03\) ). In contrast, among students reporting higher teacher involvement, race-based bullying was not associated with higher likelihood of smoking initiation (OR \(=\) 0.95, \(p =0.81\) ). Results suggest that teacher involvement may protect students from the association between race-based bullying and smoking initiation. Enhancing teacher involvement among students experiencing race-based bullying in schools may limit smoking initiation.     

Understanding and working with existential information in a Norwegian adolescent psychiatry context: a need and a challenge

This is one of several studies on existential information in psychotherapy in Southern Norway. The aim of this study was to explore how therapists' backgrounds and existential information influence their therapeutic practice and philosophy of care, and the use of existential information in psychotherapy. The method used was qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Through emerging themes from the interviews and clinical case illustrations, information relating to therapists' backgrounds and existential orientations strongly influenced: therapeutic practice, philosophy of care, and if as well as how existential information was used in therapy. Professional and continued education/training in this area were insufficient. However, the area itself was considered essential for understanding clients' psychosocial and sociocultural needs in multicultural Norway. Therapists expressed the importance of communication about existential information. Clinical examples were given that focused on this information's usefulness for identifying strategies addressing both salutogenic and pathogenic aspects of adolescent psychosocial functioning. Clinical educational and training insufficiencies related to working with existential information were noted. Although strategic thinking and organisational framework in the working context permitted existential information to be raised in therapy, many expressed the lacking of methodological confidence and training in this area. Education and training were, therefore, priorities. Accessing this type of information with all clients, whatever their existential information, was emphasised for strengthening the therapeutic alliance.     

Positive Automatic Cognitions Mediate the Relationship Between Personality and Trait Positive Affect

Positive affect (PA) has emerged as a key well-being facet and a powerful predictor of physical and psychological well-being. One of the strongest predictors of PA is personality, particularly neuroticism and extraversion. However, the mechanisms via which personality affects PA are not well-understood. Consistent with theories that accord cognitive factors a role in mediating the relationship between personality and outcomes, we tested whether positive automatic thoughts (PATs) mediated the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion, and PA among 199 college students (137 women, 70% White, 66% first and second year students, mean age = 24.13, SD = 8.86). Consistent with hypotheses, structural equation modeling indicated that PATs fully mediated the relationship between both neuroticism and extraversion and PA. The structural model fit the data well, χ²/df = 2.33, CFI = .96, SRMR = .07, RMSEA = .08 (90% CI: .06, .10), AIC = 172.45, and accounted for 58% of the variance in PA. An alternative model in which personality predicted PA, which in turn predicted PATs, did not provide as good a fit to the data, χ²/df = 3.03, CFI = .94, SRMR = .09, RMSEA = .10 (90% CI: .08, .12), AIC = 207.40. Models in which negative automatic thoughts (NATs) were construed as fully [χ²/df = 4.46, CFI = .95, SRMR = .08, RMSEA = .13 (90% CI: .11, .16)] or partially [χ²/df = 4.04, CFI = .96, SRMR = .06, RMSEA = .12 (90% CI: .10, .15)] mediating the relationship between neuroticism and negative affect did not provide a good fit to the data. A final model in which negative affect was tested a mediator of the relationship between neuroticism and NATs also did not fit the data well, χ²/df = 4.03, CFI = .96, SRMR = .07, RMSEA = .12 (90% CI: .10, .15).