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981.
A shared past and a common future: the Portuguese colonial war and the dynamics of group-based guilt
In the present study we examine feelings of group-based guilt among Portuguese people in relation to the Portuguese colonial war, and their consequences for social behaviour. Specifically, we focus on the way Portuguese university students identify with their national group and the outgroup and their feelings of group-based guilt regarding their group's past misdeeds during the colonial period. The consequences of group-based guilt are also analyzed. 130 Portuguese university students answered a questionnaire and results show that students feel low levels of group-based guilt in relation to this period. Our results show that ingroup glorification is positively related with the use of cognitions to justify the ingroup's behaviour, presumably to avoid responsibility for the harm committed by the ingroup. Outgroup identification correlates with compensatory behavioural intentions and openness to negative information about the colonial war. As expected, feelings of group-based guilt show a significant correlation with compensatory behavioural intentions. Links between political orientation, ingroup attachment and glorification, exonerating cognitions and group-based guilt are analyzed and their implications for intergroup relations are discussed. 相似文献
982.
Oliver Dickhäuser Marc-André Reinhard Chris Englert 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(4):519-528
The importance of performance expectancies for the prediction of regulation of behavior and actual performance has long been
established. Building on theories from the field of social cognition, we suggest that the level of performance expectancies,
as well as the certainty of the expectancy, have a joint influence on an individual’s beliefs and behavior. In two studies
(one cross sectional using a sample of secondary school students and one longitudinal using a sample of university students)
we found that expectancies more strongly predicted persistence, and subsequent performance, the more certain the expectancy
was. This pattern was found even if prior performance was controlled, as in Study 2. The data give an indication that it may
be useful to include certainty as an additional variable in expectancy models. 相似文献
983.
This two-wave longitudinal study examines the ability of life satisfaction and adjustment strategies to predict anxious and
depressive symptoms in coronary heart disease male patients. Studies have shown that most heart attack survivors report these
symptoms, which may worsen the prognosis of the disease. At Time 1, immediately after the first cardiac episode, eighty-eight
men reported their life satisfaction levels, adjustment strategies used, and anxious and depressive symptoms experienced.
At Time 2, six months later, sixty-three of those patients reported only their anxious and depressive symptoms again. The
results showed that, after controlling for demographic variables, anxious and depressive symptoms at Time 1 were predicted
by positive adjustment and life satisfaction. At Time 2, after controlling for both demographic variables and Time 1-emotional
symptoms, none of the psychological variables predicted anxious symptoms, while depressive symptoms were only predicted by
life satisfaction. It is concluded that an adequate level of life satisfaction may help to decrease emotional distress, both
short and long term, while the use of positive adjustment strategies is especially important immediately after diagnosis. 相似文献
984.
Magdalena Bobowik Nekane Basabe Darío Páez Amaia Jiménez M. Ángeles Bilbao 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(3):401-419
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between personal values and well-being. Two correlational studies are
presented with the following random samples: (1) four native samples: two samples from the 2006 European Social Survey (Europe
n1 = 28,375, Spain n2 = 1,321) and two Basque samples (n3 = 1,770; n4 = 820); and (2) a sample of immigrants in the Basque Country (quasirandom) (n5 = 1,171). Age range of respondents was 18–60 years. The instruments used were for measuring: (1) personal values (Schwartz’s
PVQ-40 or PVQ-21), and (2) well-being (Bradburn’s PNA, Goldberg’s GHQ, and life satisfaction and perceived control items from
the World Value Survey). Partial correlation analysis was applied, with PVQ scale response bias controlled. The data supported
a positive association of hedonic and psychological well-being with openness to experience and individualist values, and a
negative association with power and conservation or collectivist values. Satisfaction with life partially mediated the relationship
between personal values and affect. The results support a universal association of healthy values with well-being. 相似文献
985.
Owing to the sexuation of occupations associating technical attributes with men and relational skills with women, the latter are less numerous in professions where driving is involved. The negative stereotype associating women with poor driving skills is thus likely to have a cognitive and behavioral impact. According to the model of the stereotype threat, could activation of the threat inhibit the performance of women in a Highway Code test? After performing an association task that demonstrated a largely negative stereotype, 56 female students took a Highway Code test in two conditions: an experimental condition where the stereotype was activated by a comparison between men and women (N = 17); and a control condition without activation (N = 39). Subjects performed less well in the experimental condition, demonstrating the expected effects of the stereotype threat. 相似文献
986.
There is accumulating evidence that a variety of species possess quantitative abilities although their cognitive substrate
is still unclear. This study is the first to investigate whether sea lions (Otaria flavescens), in the absence of training, are able to assess and select the larger of two sets of quantities. In Experiment 1, the two
sets of quantities were presented simultaneously as whole sets, that is, the subjects could compare them directly. In Experiment
2, the two sets of quantities were presented item-by-item, and the totality of items was never visually available at the time
of choice. For each type of presentation, we analysed the effect of the ratio between quantities, the difference between quantities
and the total number of items presented. The results showed that (1) sea lions can make relative quantity judgments successfully
and (2) there is a predominant influence of the ratio between quantities on the subjects’ performance. The latter supports
the idea that an analogue representational mechanism is responsible for sea lions’ relative quantities judgments. These findings
are consistent with previous reports of relative quantities judgments in other species such as monkeys and apes and suggest
that sea lions might share a similar mechanism to compare and represent quantities. 相似文献
987.
988.
Two studies examined how individuals' perceptions of self and others are associated with different emotional traits. Study 1 (N = 386) used structural equation modeling of questionnaire data to examine the relations between emotional traits (i.e., affect intensity, affect variability, and trait pleasant and unpleasant affect) and self- and other-perceptions (i.e., self-instability, self-esteem, other-instability, and perceived treatment by others). Study 2 (N = 99) used path analyses of data collected using an event sampling method in which online measures of emotional experiences (i.e., intensity, frequency, and variability of pleasant and unpleasant affect) as well as perceptions of self and others (i.e., self-instability, self-esteem, other-instability, perceived treatment by others) were collected. The strongest and most consistent finding was that affect variability was associated with both self- and other-instability. The results linking affect intensity with self- and other-instability were limited to negative intensity. There was also evidence of pleasant affect being associated with both self-esteem and perceived treatment by others, and unpleasant affect being associated with self-esteem and other-instability. 相似文献
989.
Using an auditory adaptation of the emotional and taboo Stroop tasks, the authors compared the effects of negative and taboo spoken words in mixed and blocked designs. Both types of words elicited carryover effects with mixed presentations and interference with blocked presentations, suggesting similar long-lasting attentional effects. Both were also relatively resilient to the long-lasting influence of the preceding emotional word. Hence, contrary to what has been assumed (Schmidt & Saari, 2007), negative and taboo words do not seem to differ in terms of the temporal dynamics of the interdimensional shifting, at least in the auditory modality. 相似文献
990.
Vidal-Abarca E Martinez T Salmerón L Cerdán R Gilabert R Gil L Mañá A Llorens AC Ferris R 《Behavior research methods》2011,43(1):179-192
We present an application to study task-oriented reading processes called Read&Answer. The application mimics paper-and-pencil
situations in which a reader interacts with one or more documents to perform a specific task, such as answering questions,
writing an essay, or similar activities. Read&Answer presents documents and questions with a mask. The reader unmasks documents
and questions so that only a piece of information is available at a time. This way the entire interaction between the reader
and the documents on the task is recorded and can be analyzed. We describe Read&Answer and present its applications for research
and assessment. Finally, we explain two studies that compare readers’ performance on Read&Answer with students’ reading times
and comprehension levels on a paper-and-pencil task, and on a computer task recorded with eye-tracking. The use of Read&Answer
produced similar comprehension scores, although it changed the pattern of reading times. 相似文献