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901.
902.
Since the observations of O. Pfungst the use of human-provided cues by animals has been well-known in the behavioural sciences
(“Clever Hans effect”). It has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are unable to use the direction of gazing by the experimenter as a cue for finding food, although after some training they
learned to respond to pointing by hand. Direction of gaze is used by chimpanzees, however. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are believed to be sensitive to human gestural communication but their ability has never been formally tested. In three
experiments we examined whether dogs can respond to cues given by humans. We found that dogs are able to utilize pointing,
bowing, nodding, head-turning and glancing gestures of humans as cues for finding hidden food. Dogs were also able to generalize
from one person (owner) to another familiar person (experimenter) in using the same gestures as cues. Baseline trials were
run to test the possibility that odour cues alone could be responsible for the dogs’ performance. During training individual
performance showed limited variability, probably because some dogs already “knew” some of the cues from their earlier experiences
with humans. We suggest that the phenomenon of dogs responding to cues given by humans is better analysed as a case of interspecific
communication than in terms of discrimination learning.
Received: 30 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 6 September 1998 相似文献
903.
Baldo Juliana V. Shimamura Arthur P. Prinzmetal William 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(3):427-437
Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics - Response compatibility effects were assessed with a Stroop-like task which involved arrow and word stimuli. The subjects were required to respond to one... 相似文献
904.
Robert J. Storella Harrison W. Wood Kenneth M. Mills Jørgen K. Kanters Michael V. Højgaard Niels-Henrik Holstein-Rathlou 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(4):315-320
The contribution of nonlinear dynamics to heart rate variability in healthy humans was examined using surrogate data analysis.
Several measures of heart rate variability were used and compared. Heart rates were recorded for three hours and original
data sets of 8192 R-R intervals created. For each original data set (n=34), three surrogate data sets were made by shuffling
the order of the R-R intervals while retaining their linear correlations. The difference in heart rate variability between
the original and surrogate data sets reflects the amount of nonlinear structure in the original data set. Heart rate variability
was analyzed by two different nonlinear methods, point correlation dimension and approximate entropy. Nonlinearity, though
under 10 percent, could be detected with both types of heart rate variability measures. More importantly, not only were the
correlations between these measures and the standard deviation of the R-R intervals weak, the correlation among the nonlinear
measures themselves was also weak (generally less than 0.6). This suggests that in addition to standard linear measures of
heart rate variability, the use of multiple nonlinear measures of heart rate variability might be useful in monitoring heart
rate dynamics. 相似文献
905.
The effects of contextual interference on learning skills of volleyball (volley, bump, serve) are influenced by the scheduling of actual practice sessions: the activities can be proposed in a repetitive practice schedule (blocked practice) by continuously repeating the same task (low interference) or in random practice schedules by performing more tasks or variations of one same activity (high interference). High contextual interference, even though causing immediate limited performance, leads to superior performance on retention and transfer tests. Four experimental groups (13 students each) were placed in conditions of random, blocked, serial, and serial with high interference practice for 8 meetings (2 tests and 6 practice). Analysis yielded significant differences among the groups on a transfer test (long transfer) for the serve, so results in this instructional setting are partially in line with those generally found in laboratory experiments. 相似文献
906.
907.
DAVID V. KEITH 《Family process》1974,13(2):201-206
One of the effects of crisis in a family is that the members become fixed in rigid attitudes with strong, narrow limits imposed on the free flow of feelings. A way for the family therapist to free up the members of such a system is to introduce his own affect into the structure. A child may be required to help the therapist gain entry. 相似文献
908.
RenéV Dawis Patrick R Pinto William Weitzel Mildred Nezzer 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1974,4(1):55-66
Job satisfaction data on managerial personnel were used to illustrate how organizations can be differentiated and described as reinforcer systems. Twenty-seven specific satisfaction scales were regressed on overall job satisfaction, separately for each of five groups of managers from five organizations. For all groups, overall satisfaction was found to be determined mainly by scales concerning challenge of the job and prospects of one's chosen career. Application of decremental stepwise multiple regression procedures to obtain minimum-variable-set equations resulted in different, though overlapping, sets of variables in the equations for the different organizations. These results suggest a way of describing organizations as reinforcer systems, in terms of the specific determinants of overall satisfaction for the organization. 相似文献
909.
910.