G Weyer  V Hodapp 《Archiv für Psychologie》1975,127(3-4):161-188

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V Pouthas  A Y Jacquet 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1987,43(2):282-299

The present study investigated effects of age and instructions on temporal regulations of behavior in children. In the first experiment 4 1/2-year-old and 7-year-old subjects were trained with a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates) 5-s and a DRL 10-s schedule. Results demonstrate that age and timing performance are related. Seven-year-olds are more efficient than the 4 1/2-year-olds. A striking decline in the 4 1/2-year-old children's capacity to space responses was observed in the DRL 10-s schedule as compared to the DRL 5-s schedule. Analysis of individual performances suggests that the evolution of DRL performance between 4 and 7 years of age depends not only on the development of the capacity to delay responding but also on the acquisition of the ability to represent the reinforcement contingencies, that is, the temporal parameters of the task to oneself. In order to test this hypothesis a second experiment was conducted where instructions to wait between operant responses were given to a group of 4 1/2-year-old subjects at the beginning of a DRL 5-s and a DRL 10-s schedule. The results show that these instructions enhance DRL performance. By directing the 4 1/2-year-old subjects' attention to the temporal requirements of the task, instructions led to efficient performance and accurate timing of responses to the DRL schedule.  相似文献   

    

James V. P. Check 《Personality and individual differences》1986,7(6):819-827

Type A and Type B male college students were given the opportunity to display hostile aggression against an insulting confederate on a bogus ESP task, using either aversive noise or a monetary penalty. Preliminary correlational analyses confirmed that Ss' aggressive responding covaried directly with their reported desire to hurt the confederate but was, in contrast, unrelated to their reported desire to help the confederate. Thus, Ss' aggressive behavior was motivated by hostile intentions. Subsequent analyses revealed that Type As were more aggressive and reported a greater desire to hurt the confederate than Type Bs, regardless of the mode of aggression. These data support the results of a recent study which questioned the intuitively appealing assumption that Type As should only display aggressive behavior when motivated by some external achievement goal.  相似文献   

Psychological stress and psychopathology: outline for a theory?     

V Siomopoulos  J W Crawford 《Psychological reports》1983,52(2):491-498

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V Prince  P M Bentler 《Psychological reports》1972,31(3):903-917

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C Leclerc  V Freibergs 《Canadian journal of psychology》1971,25(4):292-301

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V Vondrácek 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1971,23(5):257-266

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M M Nawas  W V Welsch  S T Fishman 《Behaviour research and therapy》1970,8(1):63-68

Fifty females matched on their pre-treatment fear of a live snake were randomly assigned to five groups of which two were no-treatment (NT) and pseudodesensitization (PD) controls. The three experimental groups were exposed to 78 recorded and identically worded and timed sequences of aversive imagery paired with relaxation in one group (SSD), neutral tasks (ANT) in another, and muscular tension (AMT) in the third, in accordance with a scheduled form of desensitization described previously (Nawas, Fishman and Pucel, 1969). Treatment was massed, in the sense that each of the 78 pairs took 2 min to present and all treatment was completed in five long sessions.The results revealed (1) highly significant reduction (p<0.001) of fear among the AMT and ANT groups, (2) no difference between AMT and ANT, (3) no change in NT and PD controls, and (4) superiority of the SSD over the ANT and AMT (p<0.05). The findings were interpreted as supporting Rachman's (1968) thesis regarding the irrelevance of muscular relaxation to desensitization. Systematic desensitization was reformulated in Guthrian terms to accommodate these and other findings.  相似文献   

    

V L Clower 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》1970,18(1):165-176

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  总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

E Hennevin  B Hars  V Bloch 《Behavioral and neural biology》1989,51(3):291-306

Evidences have been given which suggest that a newly formed memory trace is processed during paradoxical sleep (PS) following learning. The present experiments were aimed at testing the hypothesis that during postlearning PS the new memory trace is in a similar state as immediately after acquisition. For this purpose, a mild electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF)--known to enhance retention performance when delivered just after learning--was administered during postlearning PS phases. Wistar rats were trained to run in a six-unit spatial discrimination maze for food reward. After each daily trial, extradural cortical electrodes (ECoG) activity was monitored polygraphically for 4 h. Half of the animals received nonawakening MRF stimulations during the first six phases of PS. Control rats received no stimulation. The learning results showed a marked improvement in performance, in terms of error number reduction, in the stimulated group. Results of a second experiment confirmed the facilitative effect of MRF stimulations given during postlearning PS. Moreover, they emphasized the specific role of PS, by showing that the same stimulations were ineffective when delivered, at the same time intervals after training, during six periods of waking or six periods of slow-wave sleep. These results lend support to the idea of a reactivation of the new memory trace during PS. They suggest that dynamic processes, similar to those immediately following acquisition or exposure to a reactivating treatment (i.e., a reminder), take place during postlearning PS.  相似文献