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921.
922.
Torsional eye movements are triggered by head tilt and a rotating visual field. We examined whether attention to a misoriented
form could also induce torsion. Thirty-six observers viewed an adapting field containing a bright vertical Une, and then they
viewed a display that was composed of two misoriented words (one rotated clockwise, the other counterclockwise, by 15°, 30°,
or 45°). The subjects were instructed to attend to one of the words. The subjects’ adjustments of a reference line to match
the tilt of the afterimage showed that attention to a misoriented word produces torsional eye movement (verified with direct
measurements on 4 additional subjects). This eye movement reduces the retinal misorientation of the word by about 1°. The
results of this study reinforce the linkage between selective attention and eye movements and may provide a useful tool for
dissecting different forms of “mental rotation” and other adjustments in internal reference frames. Apparent-motion displays
confirming that the eye rotated in the head may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
923.
The “prawn-in-the-tube” procedure in the cuttlefish: Habituation or passive avoidance learning?
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Agin V Chichery R Dickel L Chichery MP 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2006,13(1):97-101
This study examines whether or not habituation contributes to the regulation of the inhibition of predatory behavior observed during the "prawn-in-the-tube" training procedure. When presented with prawns that are visible behind glass but untouchable, cuttlefish promptly learn to inhibit their capture attempts. The first three experiments demonstrated that the acquired response in the course of training cannot be dishabituated. The fourth experiment demonstrated that the repeated application of a brief visual prawn stimulus, one that is terminated before the cuttlefish can strike, decreases attack latencies. Taken together, the results of this study establish that habituation does not play a significant role in this learning task. In fact, the present findings strengthen the results of previous studies suggesting that passive avoidance learning contributes to the regulation of the inhibition of predatory behavior. 相似文献
924.
Previous studies on visual working memory (VWM) have primarily investigated memory for an array presented for a single moment.
Here, we examined VWM for two arrays separated by a 1,100-msec interval. We focused on the allocation of VWM capacity to the
two arrays as a function of dynamic events inserted between them. During the interval, irrelevant dots moved to form three
types of motion: (1) coherent (apparent) motion that connected Arrays 1 and 2, (2) jumpy motion, or (3) coherent motion with
two disconnected segments. Results showed that VWM for Array 2’s locations was better than for Array 1’s, especially when
the arrays were connected by coherent motion. We suggest that coherent motion between two temporally disparate arrays connects
the arrays into a single visual event VWM is then biased toward remembering the more recent state of the event. 相似文献
925.
Agin V Poirier R Chichery R Dickel L Chichery MP 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2006,86(3):264-269
The inhibition of predatory behavior observed during the "prawn-in-the-tube" procedure has been extensively used in studies of cuttlefish learning. The present study examines the effect of age on the conditioning of this response in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Data show that a significant increase in acquisition performance occurs between 15 and 21 days of age. The retention curves in 8- and 15-day-old cuttlefish show a monotonic memory process, presumably reflecting the presence of only short-term memory. In 21-day-old cuttlefish, there are two distinct processes which could be a labile short-term memory, and a subsequent intermediate memory. These mnesic systems seem to become more effective over the course of post-embryonic development. Moreover, the retention curves obtained in the oldest cuttlefish (30- and 90-day-old) bear a close resemblance to that observed in adults. These behavioral findings will allow further work on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory in the cuttlefish. 相似文献
926.
Juslin PN Karlsson J Lindström E Friberg A Schoonderwaldt E 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2006,12(2):79-95
Communication of emotions is of crucial importance in music performance. Yet research has suggested that this skill is neglected in music education. This article presents and evaluates a computer program that automatically analyzes music performances and provides feedback to musicians in order to enhance their communication of emotions. Thirty-six semi-professional jazz /rock guitar players were randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions: (1) feedback from the computer program, (2) feedback from music teachers, and (3) repetition without feedback. Performance measures revealed the greatest improvement in communication accuracy for the computer program, but usability measures indicated that certain aspects of the program could be improved. Implications for music education are discussed. 相似文献
927.
Ashmarin IP Danilova RA Rud'ko OI Belopolskaya MV Obukhova MF Shmalgausen EV 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2006,9(2):219-227
The inhibitor of monoaminooxydase isatin and the ligand of B-receptors cholecystokinin-4 play a significant role in the suppression and induction of depressive and anxiety states. We induced the formation of auto-antibodies to these compounds against their conjugates with antigen-carrier by immunization of white rats. The result was long-term (more than 2 months) stimulation of depressive and anxiety behavior after immunization to isatin and, in contrast, the suppression of such behavior after immunization to cholecystokinin. The perspective of immunochemical approach to long-term correction of behavior is discussed. 相似文献
928.
de Frias CM Nilsson LG Herlitz A 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2006,13(3-4):574-587
Sex differences in declarative memory and visuospatial ability are robust in cross-sectional studies. The present longitudinal study examined whether sex differences in cognition were present over a 10-year period, and whether age modified the magnitude of sex differences. Tests assessing episodic and semantic memory, and visuospatial ability were administered to 625 nondemented adults (initially aged 35-80 years), participating in the population-based Betula study at two follow-up occasions. There was stability of sex differences across five age groups and over a 10-year period. Women performed at a higher level than men on episodic recall, face and verbal recognition, and semantic fluency, whereas men performed better than women on a task-assessing, visuospatial ability. Sex differences in cognitive functions are stable over a 10-year period and from 35 to 90 years of age. 相似文献
929.
Yonker JE Adolfsson R Eriksson E Hellstrand M Nilsson LG Herlitz A 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2006,13(3-4):291-307
Studies of hormone therapy (HT) and cognition have yielded conflicting results. The aim of this observational study was to examine the effect of estradiol, via serum verified HT (estradiol, estriol, progesterone) and endogenous estradiol, on 108 healthy postmenopausal women's cognitive performance. The results demonstrated that the 43 HT-users performed at a significantly higher level than non-users on episodic memory tasks and on a verbal fluency task, whereas HT-users and non-users did not differ on tasks assessing semantic memory and spatial visualization. In addition, there was a positive relationship between serum estradiol level and episodic memory performance, indicating that postmenopausal HT is associated with enhanced episodic memory and verbal fluency, independent of age and education. These observational results suggest that HT use may be sufficient to exert small, yet positive effects on female sensitive cognitive tasks. Hormone therapy compliance and formulation is discussed as confounding factors in previous research. 相似文献
930.
Lonsdorf EV 《Animal cognition》2006,9(1):36-46
This paper explores the role of maternal influences on the acquisition of a tool-using task in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in order to build on and complement previous work done in captivity. Young chimpanzees show a long period of offspring dependency
on mothers and it is during this period that offspring learn several important skills, especially how to and on what to forage.
At Gombe National Park, one skill that is acquired during dependency is termite-fishing, a complex behavior that involves
inserting a tool made from the surrounding vegetation into a termite mound and extracting the termites that attack and cling
to the tool. All chimpanzees observed at Gombe have acquired the termite-fishing skill by the age of 5.5 years. Since the
mother is the primary source of information throughout this time period, I investigated the influence of mothers' individual
termite-fishing characteristics on their offsprings' speed of acquisition and proficiency at the skill once acquired. Mother's
time spent alone or with maternal family members, which is highly correlated to time spent termite-fishing, was positively
correlated to offspring's acquisition of critical elements of the skill. I also investigated the specific types of social
interactions that occur between mothers and offspring at the termite mound and found that mothers are highly tolerant to offspring,
even when the behavior of the offspring may disrupt the termite-fishing attempt. However, no active facilitation by mothers
of offsprings' attempts were observed.
Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-005-0002-7
and accessible for authorised users. 相似文献