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61.
Ute‐Christine Klehe 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2004,12(4):327-342
The gap between science and practice in personnel selection is an ongoing concern of human resource management. This paper takes Oliver's framework of organizations' strategic responses to institutional pressures as a basis for outlining the diverse economic and social demands that facilitate or inhibit the application of scientifically recommended selection procedures. Faced with a complex network of multiple requirements, practitioners make more diverse choices in response to any of these pressures than has previously been acknowledged in the scientific literature. Implications for the science‐practitioner gap are discussed. 相似文献
62.
Breanna E. Studenka Christian Seegelke Christoph Schütz Thomas Schack 《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2012,1(2):89-95
Movement planning in sequential tasks is revealed by grasping postures. We explored aspects of planning a sequential drawer opening and object manipulation task with regard to arm and torso postures. We conducted a detailed kinematic analysis of joint postures at the wrist, elbow, and shoulder for a one-grasp and a two-grasp sequence of movement. The second of the two-grasp sequence was constrained (uncomfortable). We predicted that planning for the second grasp in a two-grasp sequence would influence arm, torso, and whole-body postures at the first grasp. Participants prepared for the second grasp by adjusting the posture of the elbow and shoulder and the distance they stepped to the drawer. The joint postures at the elbow and shoulder changed in the direction of the intended object grasp. These findings show that anticipatory adjustments are revealed at postures other than the end-effector and lend insight into the mechanisms of sequential movement planning. 相似文献
63.
Recently, several authors claimed that the curvilinear shape of rating-based source memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) refutes threshold models. However, rating-based ROCs are not diagnostic to disprove threshold models. Furthermore, source memory ROC-analyses ignore influences of other processes like old-new-detection and old-new-response-tendencies, so direct estimation of parameters is preferable. Five source monitoring experiments with different response bias manipulations and materials were conducted. We fitted the Two High Threshold Multinomial Model of Source Monitoring by Bayen, Murnane, and Erdfelder (1996) and the Multivariate Signal Detection Model for Selection DeCarlo (2003). We also included rating-based ROCs. The results suggest that both models are at least equally valid as measurement tools which capture bias processes in the corresponding parameters, and they can perhaps be integrated theoretically. 相似文献
64.
Julia Schüler 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(1):2-14
Previous research has shown that incongruence between implicit and explicit achievement motives impairs flow experience. We
examined this relationship in a more differentiated manner by arguing that achievement-motive incongruence only exerts negative
effects when individuals act in situations in which achievement incentives are present and arouse conflict between the two
motives. In non-achievement situations, no negative effects of achievement-motive incongruence on flow experience are expected.
Study 1 and Study 2 showed that participants with incongruent implicit and explicit achievement motives reported less flow
in achievement- as compared to non-achievement-oriented sport situations. In Study 3, we experimentally manipulated achievement
and non-achievement situations. Again, motive incongruence impaired the experience of flow in achievement but not in non-achievement
situations. 相似文献
65.
Self‐ratings of personality predict academic success above general intelligence. The present study replicated these findings and investigated the increment of other‐ratings or intentionally distorted self‐ratings. Participants (N = 145) had to compile a personality questionnaire twice. First they were given neutral instructions. The second time they were asked to imagine a specific applicant setting. Furthermore, two peers rated each participant. Additionally, verbal, numerical and figural reasoning scores were obtained. Grades on a statistics exam obtained 2 months later served as the criterion. Results replicated prior findings and showed incremental validity for self‐ and other‐rated personality, which was stable after controlling for intelligence. Faking had no impact on the domain‐score level, but results on the facet‐score level were less encouraging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
66.
Jochen Hefner Sibylle Klosterhalfen Ute Martens Prof. Dr. Paul Enck 《Psychotherapeut》2010,55(3):203-208
The list of potential or proven associations between psychological and intestinal functions in healthy subjects and in patients with functional and organic bowel disorders demonstrates that although these associations are manifold they are to a large extent incompletely understood, primarily of academic interest and not yet ready to be integrated into everyday clinical practice. However, of immediate practical relevance are psychotherapeutic as well as psychopharmacological approaches. It is, however, required that clinicians, both medical and psychological, are aware of the mechanisms of regulation of intestinal functions through central (CNS) and peripheral (ENS) neural circuits. 相似文献
67.
Ute Deichmann 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2010,41(1):85-112
Inheritance and variation were a major focus of Charles Darwin’s studies. Small inherited variations were at the core of his
theory of organic evolution by means of natural selection. He put forward a developmental theory of heredity (pangenesis)
based on the assumption of the existence of material hereditary particles. However, unlike his proposition of natural selection
as a new mechanism for evolutionary change, Darwin’s highly speculative and contradictory hypotheses on heredity were unfruitful
for further research. They attempted to explain many complex biological phenomena at the same time, disregarded the then modern
developments in cell theory, and were, moreover, faithful to the widespread conceptions of blending and so-called Lamarckian
inheritance. In contrast, Mendel’s approaches, despite the fact that features of his ideas were later not found to be tenable,
proved successful as the basis for the development of modern genetics. Mendel took the study of the transmission of traits
and its causes (genetics) out of natural history; by reducing complexity to simple particulate models, he transformed it into
a scientific field of research. His scientific approach and concept of discrete elements (which later gave rise to the notion
of discrete genes) also contributed crucially to the explanation of the existence of stable variations as the basis for natural
selection. 相似文献
68.
Schürmann V 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(1):114-120
The comment on Bertau's paper underlines the importance of the internally social character of the dialogical self, which is not trivial and can not be taken for granted. A consistent theory of this internal character demands specific theoretical means native to a tradition of Leibniz' philosophy. In consequence the concept of dialogical self is presented as a non-empirical one based in an ethos. We, and not nature, are responsible for the modes of conceptualising. 相似文献
69.
U. Schöflinger 《Psychopraxis》2008,11(6):31-33
Aggression und Gewalt bei Jugendlichen stilisieren sich zum Sinnbild für unsere „kranke Gesellschaft“. Was sich bei jüngeren
Jugendlichen noch – oft als Lausbuben-Verhalten bagatellisiertes – Herumschubsen und Rangeln im Pausenhof ?u?ert, tritt in
Form von Bullying und Mobbing immer st?rker zutage. Jugendliche, die trinken, stehlen, Drogen zu sich nehmen, Mitschüler oder
Gruppenmitglieder bedrohen und Gegenst?nde ?ffentlichen Gutes besch?digen etc., stehen auf der Tagesordnung. Selbst Erpressung
von Mitschülern ist kein Einzeldelikt mehr. 相似文献
70.
Palmero EI Ashton-Prolla P da Rocha JC Vargas FR Kalakun L Blom MB Azevedo SJ Caleffi M Giugliani R Schüler-Faccini L 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(3):363-371
Hereditary breast cancer (HBC) accounts for 5–10% of breast cancer cases and it significantly increases the lifetime risk
of cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the sociodemographic variables, family history of cancer, breast cancer (BC) screening
practices and the risk profile of cancer affected or asymptomatic at-risk women that undergo genetic counseling for hereditary
breast cancer in public Brazilian cancer genetics services. Estimated lifetime risk of BC was calculated for asymptomatic
women using the Gail and Claus models. The majority of women showed a moderate lifetime risk of developing BC, with an average
risk of 19.7% and 19.9% by the Gail and Claus models, respectively. The average prior probability of carrying a BRCA1/2 gene mutation was 16.7% and overall only 32% fulfilled criteria for a hereditary breast cancer syndrome as assessed by family
history. We conclude that a significant number of individuals at high-risk for HBC syndromes may not have access to the benefits
of cancer genetic counseling in these centers. Contributing factors may include insufficient training of healthcare professionals,
disinformation of cancer patients; difficult access to genetic testing and/or resistance in seeking such services. The identification
and understanding of these barriers is essential to develop specific strategies to effectively achieve cancer risk reduction
in this and other countries were clinical cancer genetics is not yet fully established. 相似文献