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41.
Looking at You or Looking Elsewhere: The Influence of Head Orientation on the Signal Value of Emotional Facial Expressions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The role of horizontal head tilt for the perceptions of emotional facial expressions was examined. For this, a total of 387
participants rated facial expressions of anger, fear, sadness, and happiness, as well as neutral expressions shown by two
men and two women in either a direct or an averted face angle. Decoding accuracy, attributions of dominance and affiliation,
emotional reactions of the perceivers, and the felt desire to approach the expresser were assessed. Head position was found
to strongly influence reactions to anger and fear but less so for other emotions. Direct anger expressions were more accurately
decoded, perceived as less affiliative, and elicited higher levels of anxiousness and repulsion, as well as less desire to
approach than did averted anger expressions. Conversely, for fear expressions averted faces elicited more negative affect
in the perceiver. These findings suggest that horizontal head position is an important cue for the assessment of threat.
相似文献
Ursula HessEmail: |
42.
Ursula Athenstaedt 《Psychology of women quarterly》2003,27(4):309-318
The present study introduces a conceptualization of gender role self-concept that implies not only the commonly measured socially desirable expressive and instrumental traits (F+ and M+) but also feminine and masculine behaviors (FBehav and MBehav), and socially undesirable gender traits (F− and M−). Three different models were tested using structural equation modeling. For both men and women, F+ and FBehav load together on one dimension whereas M+ and MBehav load on a second dimension. F− and M− are conceptualized as independent dimensions that are mainly related to the cross-gendered latent factor. With the exception of these similarities, the self-concepts of men and women differed in several important aspects that point to a different meaning of gender roles for the two sexes. 相似文献
43.
Marcus Gary F. Brinkmann Ursula Clahsen Harald Wiese Richard Pinker Steven 《Cognitive psychology》1995,29(3)
Language is often explained as the product of generative rules and a memorized lexicon. For example, most English verbs take a regular past tense suffix (ask-asked), which is applied to new verbs (faxed, wugged), suggesting the mental rule "add - ed to a Verb." Irregular verbs (break-broke, go-went) would be listed in memory. Alternatively, a pattern associator memory (such as a connectionist network) might record all past tense forms and generalize to new ones by similarity; irregular and regular patterns would differ only because of their different numbers of verbs. We present evidence that mental rules are indispensible. A rule concatenates a suffix to a symbol for verbs, so it does not require access to memorized verbs on their sound patterns, but applies as the "default," whenever memory access fails. We find 21 such circumstances for regular past tense formation, including novel, unusual-sounding, and rootless and headless derived words; in every case, people inflect them regularly (explaining quirks like flied out, sabre-tooths, walk-mans). Contrary to the connectionist account, these effects are not due to regular words constituting a large majority of vocabulary. The German participle -t applies to a much smaller percentage of verbs than its English counterpart, and the German plural -s applies to a small minority of nouns. But the affixes behave in the language like their English counterparts, as defaults. We corroborate this effect in two experiments eliciting ratings of participle and plural forms of novel German words. Thus default suffixation is not due to numerous regular words reinforcing a pattern in associative memory. Because default cases do not occupy a cohesive similarity space, but do correspond to the range of a symbol, they are evidence for a memory-independent, symbol-concatenating mental operation. 相似文献
44.
Debarnot U Castellani E Valenza G Sebastiani L Guillot A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(4):541-550
Sleep is known to contribute to motor memory consolidation. Recent studies have provided evidence that a night of sleep plays
a similar functional role following motor imagery (MI), while the simple passage of time does not result in performance gains.
Here, we examined the benefits of a daytime nap on motor memory consolidation after MI practice. Participants were trained
by MI on an explicitly known sequence of finger movements at 11:00. Half of the participants were then subjected (at 14:00)
to either a short nap (10 min of stage 2 sleep) or a long nap (60–90 min, including slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement
sleep). We also collected data from both quiet and active rest control groups. All participants remained in the lab until
being retested at 16:00. The data revealed that a daytime nap after imagery practice improved motor performance and, therefore,
facilitated motor memory consolidation, as compared with spending a similar time interval in the wake state. Interestingly,
the results revealed that both short and long naps resulted in similar delayed performance gains. The data might also suggest
that the presence of slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep does not provide additional benefits for the sleep-dependent motor
skill consolidation following MI practice. 相似文献
45.
Florack A Piontkowski U Rohmann A Balzer T Perzig S 《The Journal of social psychology》2003,143(5):633-648
The authors expected the extent to which host community members (a) perceive immigrants as threatening, (b) believe that the immigrants are able to assimilate to the host community (permeability), and (c) consider their presence in the host community as legitimate to predict attitudes towards immigrant acculturation. The authors designed Study 1 to examine attitudes of Germans toward Turkish immigrants. Participants were 227 German white-collar and blue-collar workers. As expected, ethnocentric acculturation attitudes positively correlated with perceived threat and negatively correlated with perceived legitimacy and perceived permeability. However, only perceived threat contributed uniquely to the prediction of the attitudes. In Study 2, the authors applied an experimental manipulation of perceived threat. Before answering attitude questions, participants read magazine articles with a threatening, enriching, or irrelevant content. The manipulation had the predicted impact on the self-reported attitudes toward immigrants. However, the salience of threatening or enriching aspects of the Turkish culture did not affect implicitly measured attitudes. 相似文献
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49.
Ursula Running Bear Eva Marie Garroutte Janette Beals Carol E. Kaufman Spero M. Manson 《Mental health, religion & culture》2018,21(3):274-287
Spirituality measures often show positive associations with preferred mental health outcomes in the general population; however, research among American Indians (AIs) is limited. We examined the relationships of mental health status and two measures of spirituality – the Midlife Development Inventory (MIDI) and a tribal cultural spirituality measure – in Northern Plains AIs, aged 15–54 (n?=?1636). While the MIDI was unassociated with mental health status, the tribal cultural spirituality measure showed a significant relationship with better mental health status. Mental health conditions disproportionately affect AIs. Understanding protective factors such as cultural spirituality that can mitigate mental health disorders is critical to reducing these health disparities. 相似文献
50.
Dreaming and waking are two brain-mind states, which are characterized by shared and differentiated properties at the levels of brain and consciousness. As part of our effort to capitalize on a comparison of these two states we have applied Edelman's distinction between primary and secondary consciousness, which we link to dreaming and waking respectively. In this paper we examine the implications of this contrastive analysis for theories of mental illness. We conclude that while dreaming is an almost perfect model of organic psychosis, it is less so for schizophrenia and major affective disorder where it must serve a primarily heuristic role helping us to model hallucinations and delusions but not the diseases themselves. 相似文献