Die ambulante psychotherapeutische Versorgungslage der Erwachsenen im Saarland

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Asymmetric discounting in intertemporal choice: a query-theory account

People are impatient and discount future rewards more when they are asked to delay consumption than when they are offered the chance to accelerate consumption. The three experiments reported here provide a process-level account for this asymmetry, with implications for designing decision environments that promote less impulsivity. In Experiment 1, a thought-listing procedure showed that people decompose discount valuation into two queries. Whether one considers delayed or accelerated receipt of a gift certificate influences the order in which memory is queried to support immediate versus delayed consumption, and the order of queries affects the relative number of patient versus impatient thoughts. Relative frequency and clustering of impatient thoughts predicts discounting and mediates the discounting asymmetry. Experiment 2 implicated query order causally: When participants listed reasons for immediate versus delayed consumption in the order used spontaneously in acceleration and delay decisions, the discounting asymmetry was replicated; reversing the order in which reasons were listed eliminated the asymmetry. The results of Experiment 3, which used an implicit-memory task, support a memory-interference account of the effect of query order.     

An analysis of visual detection by temporal probability summation

The probability of detection by temporal probability summation (TPS) is derived assuming a non-white Gaussian noise process, characterised by a finite second spectral moment λ₂; the assumption of stationary noise is discussed with respect to neurophysiological findings suggesting multiplicative noise for individual neurons. The usual white-noise assumption is shown to imply inconsistent detection models. d^′-estimates for 2AFC-experiments do not depend on the value of λ₂ and do not differ from those derived from the standard SDT-assumptions, in contrast to d^′-estimates for yes-no-experiments, which depend on the probability of false alarms. Estimates of properties of a visual channel depend on whether detection is by TPS or temporal peak detection (TPD); it is argued that TPD is not a special case of TPS, and that subjects chose a TPS- or a TPD-strategy depending on experimental conditions.     

Are we any closer to understanding divided attention?

The present paper reports a replication of work by Hirst, Neisser, and Spelke, which requires extensive practice on two coupled tasks (reading and writing) at once. The results highlight the importance of individual differences in any consideration of divided attention.     

Translating the Human Right to Water and Sanitation into Public Policy Reform

The development of a human right to water and sanitation under international law has created an imperative to implement human rights in water and sanitation policy. Through forty-three interviews with informants in international institutions, national governments, and non-governmental organizations, this research examines interpretations of this new human right in global governance, national policy, and local practice. Exploring obstacles to the implementation of rights-based water and sanitation policy, the authors analyze the limitations of translating international human rights into local water and sanitation practice, concluding that system operators, utilities, and management boards remain largely unaffected by the changing public policy landscape for human rights realization. To understand the relevance of human rights standards to water and sanitation practitioners, this article frames a research agenda to ensure that human rights aspirations lead to public policy reforms and public health outcomes.