德国哲学对老子的接受——通往“重演”的知识

老子思想在德国哲学几百年的发展史中早已留下印迹,甚至在某些重要哲学家那里,比如谢林、M.布伯和海德格尔等,产生了呼应式的对话。这不得不让我们思考中西思想沟通中的"文化间性"(Interkultualitt)。本文作者艾尔伯菲特站在文化间哲学(interkultuelle Phi-losophie,又译比较哲学)的立场上,一一回顾并且精要点评了老子在几位主要德国思想家那里产生的影响,他对德国哲学自海德格尔以来的新动向的阐发,指出了一条相对清晰可辨的"重演"道路,表明德国哲学家如何运用外来思想革新自身传统,也即:他山之石,可以攻玉。     

Assessing the Organizational Climate for Translational Research with a New Survey Tool

Science and Engineering Ethics - Promoting translational research as a means to overcoming chasms in the translation of knowledge through successive fields of research from basic science to public...     

Analysis of covariance structures

A general method is presented for estimating variance components when the experimental design has one random way of classification and a possibly unbalanced fixed classification. The procedure operates on a sample covariance matrix in which the fixed classes play the role of variables and the random classes correspond to observations. Cases are considered which assume (i) homogeneous and (ii) nonhomogeneous error variance, and (iii) arbitrary scale factors in the measurements and homogeneous error variance. The results include maximum-likelihood estimations of the variance components and scale factors, likelihood-ratio tests of the goodness-of-fit of the model assumed for the design, and large-sample variances and covariances of the estimates. Applications to mental test data are presented. In these applications the subjects constitute the random dimension of the design, and a classification of the mental tests according to objective features of format or content constitute the fixed dimensions.Preparation of this paper has been supported in part by NSF Grant GB-939 and U. S. P. H. Grant GM-1286-01. Computer time was donated by the Computation Center, University of Chicago.Now at the University of Chicago.Now at the University of Georgia.     

Perceived duration of expected and unexpected stimuli

Three experiments assessed whether perceived stimulus duration depends on whether participants process an expected or an unexpected visual stimulus. Participants compared the duration of a constant standard stimulus with a variable comparison stimulus. Changes in expectancy were induced by presenting one type of comparison more frequently than another type. Experiment 1 used standard durations of 100 and 400 ms, and Experiments 2 and 3 durations of 400 and 800 ms. Stimulus frequency did not affect perceived duration in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, however, frequent comparisons were perceived as shorter than infrequent ones, and discrimination performance was better for infrequent comparisons. Overall, this study supports the notion that infrequent stimuli increase the speed of an internal pacemaker.     

Perception of auditory motion affects language processing

Previous reports have demonstrated that the comprehension of sentences describing motion in a particular direction (toward, away, up, or down) is affected by concurrently viewing a stimulus that depicts motion in the same or opposite direction. We report 3 experiments that extend our understanding of the relation between perception and language processing in 2 ways. First, whereas most previous studies of the relation between perception and language processing have focused on visual perception, our data show that sentence processing can be affected by the concurrent processing of auditory stimuli. Second, it is shown that the relation between the processing of auditory stimuli and the processing of sentences depends on whether the sentences are presented in the auditory or visual modality.     

What matters in the cued task-switching paradigm: Tasks or cues?

Schneider and Logan (2006) recently showed that cue-switch and task-switch costs are sensitive to the relative probability of cue switches versus task switches. From this they concluded that taskswitch costs reflect priming of cue-cue transitions rather than actual task-switching operations. However, because this design confounded probability of specific cue transitions with probability of task switches, the results could also reflect task-switch-level adjustments. The present experiment (N = 80) pits the critical prediction of the cue-priming account, namely that costs for high-probability cue-cue transitions are smaller than for low-probability cue-cue transitions, against the main prediction of the switch-probability account, namely that switch probability, irrespective of specific cue-cue transitions, determines switch costs. Whereas the cue-priming prediction was rejected, a specific version of the probability account—that subjects are sensitive to the probability of a task switch, given a cue switch—was fully confirmed. Thus, tasks are in fact the critical representational units that determine task-switch cost.     

Life history, sin, and disease.

On the basis of experiences in pastoral hospital care, the relationship between disease, sin, and guilt in the life of patients is explored. Against the disregard of this subject in medicine, and even in most of pastoral care, it is argued that patients' interest requires that their hidden or manifest questions be addressed, rather than their being exposed to efforts at "helping" through mere attempts at "debt clearance." Only by openly confronting sin and guilt can the patient be taken seriously in his role as subject of his disease. Theological and anthropological background considerations revealing the essence of sin as a disruption or even destruction of the Divine gift of life in its realization through a lived relationship to God and other humans are offered as evidence for this claim.     

Timing, sequencing, and executive control in repetitive movement production

The authors demonstrate that the timing and sequencing of target durations require low-level timing and executive control. Sixteen young (M-sub(age) = 19 years) and 16 older (M-sub(age) = 70 years) adults participated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, individual mean-variance functions for low-level timing (isochronous tapping) and the sequencing of multiple targets (rhythm production) revealed (a) a dissociation of low-level timing and sequencing in both age groups, (b) negligible age differences for low-level timing, and (c) large age differences for sequencing. Experiment 2 supported the distinction between low-level timing and executive functions: Selection against a dominant rhythm and switching between rhythms impaired performances in both age groups and induced pronounced perseveration of the dominant pattern in older adults.