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581.
The paper is concerned with two models of early visual processing which predict that priming of a visual mask by a preceding masked stimulus speeds up conscious perception of the mask (perceptual latency priming). One model ascribes this speed-up to facilitation by visuo-spatial attention [Scharlau, I., & Neumann, O. (2003a). Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional explanation. Psychological Research 67, 184-197], the other attributes it to nonspecific upgrading mediated by retino-thalamic and thalamo-cortical pathways [Bachmann, T. (1994). Psychophysiology of visual masking: The fine structure of conscious experience. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers]. The models make different predictions about the time course of perceptual latency priming. Four experiments test these predictions. The results provide more support for the attentional than for the upgrading model. The experiments further demonstrate that testing latency facilitation with temporal-order judgments may induce a methodological problem resulting in fairly low estimates. A method which provides a more exhaustive measure is suggested and tested. 相似文献
582.
The authors examined the changes in bipedal gait of toddlers in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions, as a set, at the onset of independent gait and 1 month after onset. Two groups with distinctly different dynamic resources were studied: 8 toddlers with typical development (TD) and 8 toddlers with Down syndrome (DS). Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected, and gait parameters, such as walking speed, stride length, and stride frequency, as well as the ratio of exchange between potential energy and kinetic energy of the center of mass (COM), were calculated. Displacement of the COM in the AP and ML directions were also analyzed. For some gait variables, toddlers with DS seemed to show more mature values at walking onset than their peers with TD. Those group differences reversed and increased by Visit 2. When the authors considered the motion of the COM of the system, it became clear that the qualitative differences between those groups were characterized primarily by constraints in the ML direction. The authors propose that establishment of coupling between AP and ML oscillations is a key component for the emergence of independent bipedal walking for both populations. 相似文献
583.
A race-like model is developed to account for various phenomena arising in simple reaction time (RT) tasks. Within the model, each stimulus is represented by a number of grains of information or activation processed in parallel. The stimulus is detected when a criterion number of activated grains reaches a decision center. Using the concept of statistical facilitation, the model accounts for many classical effects on mean simple RT, including those of stimulus area, stimulus intensity, stimulus duration, criterion manipulations, redundant stimuli, and the dissociation between intensity effects on simple RTs and temporal order judgments. The model is also consistent with distributional properties of simple RTs. 相似文献
584.
Ansorge U 《Brain and cognition》2003,51(3):317-325
It was tested whether the retino-collicular projection allows for the processing of nonconsciously registered visual information in healthy individuals. Masked primes were presented to different visual hemifields. Because the retino-collicular projection is stronger for temporal than for nasal hemifields, priming should be stronger by temporal than by nasal primes. This pattern was tested in two experiments (Experiments 1 and 3). Further, with less peripheral primes, only available to weaker parts of the retino-collicular projection, hemifield asymmetries of priming vanished (Experiment 2). In conclusion, the study offers first evidence for collicular contributions to nonconscious priming effects by visual information in healthy individuals. 相似文献
585.
Ansorge U 《Psychological research》2003,67(3):174-183
Two possible explanations for an interaction between the Simon effect and the flanker-congruence effect (Hommel, 1997) were tested: (1) Direct contributions by the locations of the response-activating flankers to the Simon effect, and (2) the passage of time since the target's onset. In three experiments, little evidence for both explanations was observed. The data confirmed an assumed origin of the Simon effect at the stage of response selection. Further, the results are in line with the assumption that context stimuli contribute indirectly to the Simon effect of the target (i.e., by changing the target's relative position), and extend previous findings to show that the assumption holds for clearly response-activating context stimuli, too. Finally, the results suggest that Simon effects follow different time courses depending on whether they are induced by observer-relative or context-relative target positions. 相似文献
586.
In a laboratory experiment, we compare the relative impact of two possible determinants of intuitive evaluative judgments: ease of recognition and total value of prior encounters with a target. Participants encode daily return values of shares on the stock market while watching videotaped ads on the computer screen. This dual-task procedure ensures that participants subsequently lack relevant event memories and thus have to rely on their intuition when evaluating the targets. In the presentation, the share appearing least frequently produced the highest sum of returns. In contrast, the share appearing most frequently produced the lowest sum of returns. Evaluative judgments reveal a preference for the share with the highest sum of returns, although, as evident from recognition latencies, it was the one that was more difficult to recognize. The results provide evidence for the value-account model of implicit attitude formation (Betsch, Plessner, Schwieren, & Gütig, 2001), which predicts that intuitive evaluative judgments reflect the total value of prior encounters. 相似文献
587.
Summary Following Mr. Bixby and some other 19th century scientist– philosophers such as Claude Bernard, relevant scientific actions
should, as a matter of primary importance, be explained with reference to the competence and not to the intentions of those
involved. The background is a reliabilist virtue approach – a widespread tendency in 19th century epistemology and philosophy
of science. Bixby’s approach includes a critique of some constructivist arguments and establishes a mutually supportive connection
to conceptions of scientific progress. 相似文献
588.
In the present study, we examined whether the detection advantage for negative-face targets in crowds of positive-face distractors
over positive-face targets in crowds of negative faces can be explained by differentially efficient distractor rejection.
Search Condition A demonstrated more efficient distractor rejection with negative-face targets in positive-face crowds than
vice versa. Search Condition B showed that target identity alone is not sufficient to account for this effect, because there
was no difference in processing efficiency for positive- and negative-face targets within neutral crowds. Search Condition
C showed differentially efficient processing with neutral-face targets among positive- or negative-face distractors. These
results were obtained with both a within-participants (Experiment 1) and a between-participants (Experiment 2) design. The
pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that efficient rejection of positive (more homogenous) distractors is
an important determinant of performance in search among (face) distractors. 相似文献
589.
Van Dick R Wagner U Stellmacher J Christ O Tissington PA 《Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs》2005,131(3):189-218
In the past few years, ideas of Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory have been successfully applied to the organizational domain. In this article, the authors provide an overview of these recent developments and present a concept of social identification in organizational contexts, based on these theories. The assumptions of this framework are that (a) social identification in organizational contexts is a multifaceted concept consisting of different dimensions and foci (or targets), (b) higher levels of identification are related to higher productivity and more positive work-related attitudes, and (c) identification is a very flexible concept that is linked to the situational context. The authors present the results of a series of field and laboratory studies in which the proposed relationships are analyzed and, in the main, confirmed. 相似文献
590.
According to the contingent capture hypothesis, observers can specify their control settings in advance of the target’s presentation to quickly attend to relevant target colors. Two predictions were derived from this hypothesis and tested in a manual choice response task. First, contingent capture by color was expected: capture of spatial attention by a better-matching color stimulus should be stronger than capture by a less-matching color stimulus. Second, with the control settings specified in advance, the contingent capture by color should commence early after the stimulus onset and should be evident among fast correct responses in an RT distribution. Both predictions are shown to hold true in two experiments. Results are discussed in light of contrasting evidence for saccadic instead of manual responses. 相似文献