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171.
The present study determined whether central information processing is subject to a circadian rhythm and, therefore, contributes to the well-known time-of-day effect on reaction time (RT). To assess the duration of central processing chronometrically, we employed the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. In this task, subjects make fast responses to two successive stimuli. RT to the second stimulus is usually prolonged as the interval between the two stimuli decreases. This PRP effect is commonly attributed to a central-processing bottleneck. Subjects performed the PRP task every 2 hr during 28 hr of constant wakefulness under controlled conditions. The PRP effect was most pronounced in the early morning. We conclude that central processing is subject to a circadian rhythm, exhibiting a slowing during the night and a nadir in the early morning. 相似文献
172.
Nijholt IM Ostroveanu A de Bruyn M Luiten PG Eisel UL Van der Zee EA 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(4):693-696
A-kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) is a multi-enzyme signaling complex that coordinates the action of PKA, PKC, and PP2B at neuronal membranes and synapses. We measured levels of AKAP150 protein in the hippocampus 6h after training mice in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. In contextual fear conditioning mice learn to associate a context with a footshock presentation. Mice were divided in four experimental groups with different training protocols: naive, no footshock exposure, immediate footshock exposure, and footshock 3min after exposure to the context. We found that AKAP150 protein levels were increased upon exposing mice to the novel context independent of the training protocol. However, when the animals were habituated to the experimental context, only mice that learned to associate the context with the footshock showed an upregulation of AKAP150. We suggest that upregulated levels of AKAP150 contribute to processing the exposure to a novel context and associative learning. 相似文献
173.
Previous studies have shown that experienced pianists have acquired integrated action-effect (A-E) associations. In the present study, we were interested in how specific these associations are for the own instrument by investigating pianists and guitarists. A-E associations were examined by testing whether the perception of a “potential” action-effect has an influence on actions. Participants played chords on their instrument in response to visual stimuli, while they were presented task-irrelevant auditory distractors (congruent or incongruent) in varying instrument timbre. In Experiment 1, pianists exhibited an interference effect with timbres of their own instrument category (keyboard instruments: piano and organ). In Experiment 2 guitarists showed an interference effect only with guitar timbre. Thus, integrated A-E associations primarily seem to consist of a specific component on a sensory-motor level involving the own instrument. Additionally, categorical knowledge about how an instrument is played seems to be involved. 相似文献
174.
Bausenhart KM Rolke B Ulrich R 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2007,60(12):1610-1615
Temporal preparation often has been assumed to influence motor stages of information processing. Recent studies, however, challenge this notion and provide evidence for a facilitation of visual processing. The present study was designed to investigate whether perceptual processing in the auditory domain also benefits from temporal preparation. To this end, we employed a pitch discrimination task. In Experiment 1, discrimination performance was clearly improved when participants were temporally prepared. This finding was confirmed in Experiment 2, which ruled out possible influences of short-term memory. The results support the notion that temporal preparation enhances perceptual processing not only in the visual, but also in the auditory, modality. 相似文献
175.
Ulrich Schmidt 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2007,51(5):279-289
The security level models of Gilboa [1988. A combination of expected utility and maxmin decision criteria. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32, 405-420] and of Jaffray [1988. Choice under risk and the security factor: An axiomatic model. Theory and Decision, 24, 169-200] as well as the security and potential level model of Cohen [1992. Security level, potential level, expected utility: A three-criteria decision model under risk. Theory and Decision, 33, 101-104] and Essid [1997. Choice under risk with certainty and potential effects: A general axiomatic model. Mathematical Social Sciences, 34, 223-247] successfully accommodate classical Allais paradoxes while they offer an interesting explanation for their occurrence. However, experimental data suggest a systematic violation of these models when lotteries with low probabilities of bad or good outcomes are involved. In our opinion, one promising candidate for the explanation of these violations is the assumption of thresholds in the perception of security and potential levels. The present paper develops an axiomatic model that allows for such thresholds, so that the derived representation of preferences can accommodate the observed violations of the original security and potential level models. 相似文献
176.
Three experiments investigated whether participants used Take The Best (TTB) Configural, a fast and frugal heuristic that processes configurations of cues when making inferences concerning which of two alternatives has a higher criterion value. Participants were presented with a compound cue that was nonlinearly separable from its elements. The compound was highly valid in Experiments 1 and 2, but invalid in Experiment 3. Participants’ causal mental models were manipulated via instructions: participants were either told that cues acted through the same causal mechanism (configural causal model), through different causal mechanisms (elemental causal model), or the causal mechanisms were not specified (neutral causal model). A high percentage of participants used TTB-Configural when they had a configural causal model and a highly valid compound existed, suggesting that causal knowledge can be incorporated in otherwise very basic cognitive mechanisms to allow fine-grained adaptation to complex task structures. 相似文献
177.
178.
Ulrich Streeck 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2000,16(2):116-122
179.
Visual search studies have shown that attention can be top-down biased to a specific target color, so that only items with this color or a similar color can capture attention. According to some theories of attention, colors from different categories (i.e., red, green, blue, yellow) are represented independently. However, other accounts have proposed that these are related—either because color is filtered through broad overlapping channels (4-channel view), or because colors are represented in one continuous feature space (e.g., CIE space) and search is governed by specific principles (e.g., linear separability between colors, or top-down tuning to relative colors). The present study tested these different views using a cueing experiment in which observers had to select one target color (e.g., red) and ignore two or four differently colored distractors that were presented prior to the target (cues). The results showed clear evidence for top-down contingent capture by colors, as a target-colored cue captured attention more strongly than differently colored cues. However, the results failed to support any of the proposed views that different color categories are related to one another by overlapping channels, linear separability, or relational guidance (N = 96). 相似文献
180.
Two studies investigate the relationships between consumers' involuntary autobiographical memories evoked by visual cues on brand packages, their judgments of authenticity, emotion, and behavioral intention. Study 1 employs actual brand packages to show that two forms of authenticity, indexicality (a genuine historic link to the past), and iconicity (a symbolic link) influence behavioral intention through the diverging emotion elicited by nostalgic memories and perceived persuasive intent. Study 2 replicates effect with more abstract package stimuli from another product category and demonstrates an attenuating effect of cognitive load on consumer perception of persuasive intent. These findings contribute to the literature by the following: (i) disentangling the knotted emotional and mnemonic structure of nostalgia in commercial contexts; (ii) providing convergent empirical evidence for the divergent roles of indexicality and iconicity as two previously under‐researched visual properties; and (iii) highlighting autobiographical memories and perceived persuasive intent as important mediators of effects on emotion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献