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81.
Psychometrika - This paper presents a systematic investigation of how affirmative and polar-opposite items presented either jointly or separately affect yea-saying tendencies. We measure these... 相似文献
82.
Ulf Sjödin 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2002,17(1):75-85
The hypothesis that Church and Science have lost some of their former standing in Sweden and made way for deviant beliefs is examined in two empirical studies which show a widespread belief in paranormal phenomena. The paper also discusses how believers in the paranormal relate to institutionalised religious beliefs and how problematic the interpretation of religious self-assessment items are. 相似文献
83.
We introduce multilevel multivariate meta-analysis methodology designed to account for the complexity of contemporary psychological research data. Our methodology directly models the observations from a set of studies in a manner that accounts for the variation and covariation induced by the facts that observations differ in their dependent measures and moderators and are nested within, for example, papers, studies, groups of subjects, and study conditions. Our methodology is motivated by data from papers and studies of the choice overload hypothesis. It more fully accounts for the complexity of choice overload data relative to two prior meta-analyses and thus provides richer insight. In particular, it shows that choice overload varies substantially as a function of the six dependent measures and four moderators examined in the domain and that there are potentially interesting and theoretically important interactions among them. It also shows that the various dependent measures have differing levels of variation and that levels up to and including the highest (i.e., the fifth, or paper, level) are necessary to capture the variation and covariation induced by the nesting structure. Our results have substantial implications for future studies of choice overload. 相似文献
84.
85.
This article provides evidence for the long‐term affiliation between ecological and cultural changes in German‐speaking countries, based on the assumptions derived from social change and human development theory. Based on this theory, the increase in urbanisation, as a measure of ecological change, is associated with significant cultural changes of psychology. Whereas urbanisation is linked to greater individualistic values and materialistic attitudes, rural environments are strongly associated with collectivistic values like allegiance, prevalence of religion, and feelings of belonging and benevolence. Due to an increase in the German urbanisation rate over time, our study investigates whether Germany and the German‐speaking countries around show the presumed changes in psychology. By using Google Books Ngram Viewer, we find that word frequencies, signifying individualistic (collectivistic) values, are positively (negatively) related to the urbanisation rate of Germany. Our results indicate that predictions about implications of an urbanising population for the psychology of culture hold true, supporting international universality of the social change and human development theory. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a predicted reversal for the time during and after World War II, reflecting Nazi propaganda and influence. 相似文献
86.
Randomized response (RR) is a well-known method for measuring sensitive behavior. Yet this method is not often applied because:
(i) of its lower efficiency and the resulting need for larger sample sizes which make applications of RR costly; (ii) despite
its privacy-protection mechanism the RR design may not be followed by every respondent; and (iii) the incorrect belief that
RR yields estimates only of aggregate-level behavior but that these estimates cannot be linked to individual-level covariates.
This paper addresses the efficiency problem by applying item randomized-response (IRR) models for the analysis of multivariate
RR data. In these models, a person parameter is estimated based on multiple measures of a sensitive behavior under study which
allow for more powerful analyses of individual differences than available from univariate RR data. Response behavior that
does not follow the RR design is approached by introducing mixture components in the IRR models with one component consisting
of respondents who answer truthfully and another component consisting of respondents who do not provide truthful responses.
An analysis of data from two large-scale Dutch surveys conducted among recipients of invalidity insurance benefits shows that
the willingness of a respondent to answer truthfully is related to the educational level of the respondents and the perceived
clarity of the instructions. A person is more willing to comply when the expected benefits of noncompliance are minor and
social control is strong.
The authors are grateful to the reviewers whose suggestions helped to improve the clarity of the paper substantially. The
authors also wish to thank the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment for making the reported data available. This
research was supported in parts by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Canadian
Foundation of Innovation. 相似文献
87.
Ulf Liszkowski Marie Schäfer Malinda Carpenter Michael Tomasello 《Psychological science》2009,20(5):654-660
ABSTRACT— One of the defining features of human language is displacement , the ability to make reference to absent entities. Here we show that prelinguistic, 12-month-old infants already can use a nonverbal pointing gesture to make reference to absent entities. We also show that chimpanzees—who can point for things they want humans to give them—do not point to refer to absent entities in the same way. These results demonstrate that the ability to communicate about absent but mutually known entities depends not on language, but rather on deeper social-cognitive skills that make acts of linguistic reference possible in the first place. These nonlinguistic skills for displaced reference emerged apparently only after humans' divergence from great apes some 6 million years ago. 相似文献
88.
Angela Schwering Ulf Krumnack Kai-Uwe Kühnberger Helmar Gust 《Cognitive Systems Research》2009,10(3):251-269
Analogy making is a central construct in human cognition and plays an important role to explain cognitive abilities. While various psychologically or neurally inspired theories for analogical reasoning have been proposed, there is a lack of a logical foundation for analogical reasoning in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. We aim to close this gap and propose heuristic-driven theory projection (HDTP), a mathematically sound framework for analogy making. HDTP represents knowledge about the source and the target domain as first-order logic theories and compares them for structural commonalities using anti-unification. The paper provides an overview of the syntactic principles of HDTP, explains all phases of analogy making at a formal level, and illustrates these phases with examples. 相似文献
89.
Kersken Verena Gómez Juan-Carlos Liszkowski Ulf Soldati Adrian Hobaiter Catherine 《Animal cognition》2019,22(4):577-595
Animal Cognition - When we compare human gestures to those of other apes, it looks at first like there is nothing much to compare at all. In adult humans, gestures are thought to be a window into... 相似文献
90.