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The contact potential difference (CPD) between carbon contamination (CC) layers and the several substrates on which they were deposited has been measured as a function of the film thickness by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The observed CPD trends may be divided into three categories:
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an increase, or decrease, in CPD with thickness up to a saturation value with sign inversion with respect to the substrates (Al and Si);
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an oscillation with no sign inversion (substrates, gold and platinum);
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an oscillation through sign inversion (palladium substrate).
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A focused review of the literature on reasoning suggests that mechanisms based upon contraries are of fundamental importance in various abilities. At the same time, the importance of contraries in the human perceptual experience of space has been recently demonstrated in experimental studies. Solving geometry problems represents an interesting case as both reasoning abilities and the manipulation of perceptual–figural aspects are involved.In this study we focus on perceptual changes in geometrical problem solving processes in order to understand whether a mental manipulation in terms of opposites might help. Four conditions were studied, two of which concerned the search for contraries as an implicit or explicit strategy.Results demonstrated that contraries, when used explicitly in solution processes, constitute an effective heuristic: The number of correct solutions increased, less time was needed to find a solution and participants were oriented towards the use of perception-based solutions—not only were perceptual solutions more frequent, but also, more specifically, the number of correct perceptual solutions increased. These last results concerning perception-based solutions were found both when participants were advised about the usefulness of the strategy and when they were not advised. Differences concerning which aspects of a problem were focused on during the solution process also emerged. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThe present study examined the effects of emotions on eye movements, head motion, and iPad motion during reading. Thirty-one participants read neutral, emotionally negative texts and emotionally positive texts on a digital tablet and both participants’ eye movements and body movements were recorded using respectively eye-tracking glasses and a motion capture system. The results showed that emotionally positive texts were read faster than neutral texts, and that readers’ movements decreased when reading emotional texts regardless of valence polarity. Recent studies suggested that postural movements may reflect cognitive engagement and especially the engagement in the task to be done. Our findings seem to validate this hypothesis of a bodily engagement in reading emotional contents. The present results suggest that the novel methodology of eye and postural movement recordings is informative in studying the readers’ embodied engagement during reading emotional materials. 相似文献
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We examined the relations between depression, emotional autonomy quality-related constructs of separation and detachment,
and suicidal ideation, focusing on the unique and common contribution that depression, separation and detachment made to suicidal
ideation. We also examined gender differences. 403 adolescents, 196 boys and 207 girls, completed self-report measures of
depression, separation and detachment, and suicidal ideation. The data showed a significant relation between depression and
suicidal ideation both for boys and girls, and between detachment and suicidal ideation only for boys. Results for boys supported
an additive model such that depression and detachment each contributed unique variance to boys’ suicidal ideation, and an
interactive model such that detachment contributed to exacerbate the risk of suicidal ideation when boys were already at risk
because of depression. The data for girls supported an interactive, but not additive, model such that depression and detachment
did not contribute independently to girls’ suicidal ideation but in a joint way. 相似文献
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Ivana Bianchi Ugo Savardi Marco Bertamini 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2008,99(4):513-531
The head is a special part of our body since we do not see it directly. Four experiments were conducted to verify what healthy people know about the size of their head. As a control, we used the accuracy in estimating other people's heads (in all the experiments) and the estimation of the size of another part of the body, the hand (in Experiment 4). Results showed that people overestimate their own head size compared to its actual size when visual information is not provided (Experiments 1–4). They also overestimate their head size compared to the heads of others whether viewed directly (Experiment 1) or from memory (Experiment 2). Overestimation with respect to the actual size is reduced when visual information is provided (Experiments 1 and 4) and when proprioception is (presumably) increased by wearing a headband (Experiment 3). Overestimation with respect to actual size is not found for hands (Experiment 4). In the final study evidence emerged of head size overestimation in self‐portraits as compared to portraits of others. 相似文献
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In this study we examined the relations between insecure attachment styles, commitment and behavioral problems, focusing on
the unique and common contribution that avoidant and anxious styles and commitment made to internalizing and externalizing
problems. 535 adolescents, 267 boys and 268 girls, aged from 16 to 18 years, completed self-report measures of attachment,
identity and problem behaviors. The data showed that both internalizing and externalizing problems were positively related
to insecure attachment styles and negatively to commitment. Results supported a unique contribution of both insecure styles
to the prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems, whereas commitment negatively predicted only internalizing
behaviors. The data supported a joint effect of avoidant attachment and commitment such that commitment contributed to moderate
the display of internalizing and externalizing problems among avoidant adolescents. 相似文献
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Gianni Guzzo Valentina Lo Cascio Ugo Pace Carla Zappulla 《Journal of child and family studies》2014,23(7):1258-1267
This study is aimed to validate the Italian version of the dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control scale (DAPCS), a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the adolescent’s perception of the two dimensions of psychological control. In Study 1, we assessed factorial validity and reliability of the Italian version of DAPCS with a sample of adolescents. In Study 2, we examined the convergent validity of the Italian version of the DAPCS analyzing the associations between the two domains of psychological control and well-established measures related to them such as strictness/supervision, overprotection, non dependency on parents, and family functioning. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized two-factor solution of the DAPCS, with a 16 items’ version better fitting the data, for paternal as well as for maternal ratings. High indices of internal consistency indicated that both subscales produced reliable scores. Convergent validity was confirmed by positive associations between the DAPCS’ subscales and measures of strictness and negative associations between the DAPCS’ subscales and measures of global family functioning, both for maternal and paternal ratings. Finally, results evidenced significant effects for adolescents’ and parental gender on achievement-oriented psychological control, with mothers rated higher than fathers by males and fathers rated higher than mothers by females. Overall, the results of these studies indicated that the Italian form of the DAPCS might be a useful instrument to assess the two domain-specific types of parental psychological control among Italian-speaking adolescents. 相似文献
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Pace Ugo D’Urso Giulio Zappulla Carla Di Maggio Rosanna Aznar Melina Aparici Vilageliu Olga Soler Muscarà Marinella 《Journal of child and family studies》2022,31(1):220-227
Journal of Child and Family Studies - In the current study we investigated the relationship between ethnic prejudice and resilience and the perception of inclusion of immigrant students among... 相似文献