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991.
Am TG 《Nanoethics》2011,5(1):15-28
Trust has become an important aspect of evaluating the relationship between lay public and technology implementation. Experiences
have shown that a focus on trust provides a richer understanding of reasons for backlashes of technology in society than a
mere focus of public understanding of risks and science communication. Therefore, trust is also widely used as a key concept
for understanding and predicting trust or distrust in emerging technologies. But whereas trust broadens the scope for understanding established technologies with well-defined questions
and controversies, it easily fails to do so with emerging technologies, where there are no shared questions, a lack of public
familiarity with the technology in question, and a restricted understanding amongst social researchers as to where distrust
is likely to arise and how and under which form the technology will actually be implemented. Rather contrary, ‘trust’ might
sometimes even direct social research into fixed structures that makes it even more difficult for social research to provide
socially robust knowledge. This article therefore suggests that if trust is to maintain its important role in evaluating emerging
technologies, the approach has to be widened and initially focus not on people’s motivations for trust, but rather the object of trust it self, as to predicting how and where distrust might appear, how the object is
established as an object of trust, and how it is established in relation with the public. 相似文献
992.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Hans-Ludwig Kr?ber 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(4):234-243
When dealing with ?old cases?? of preventive detention as well as retrospectively ordered preventive detention, a continuation of confinement should be possible if the offender involved suffers from a ??mental disorder?? which constitutes the danger of future serious violent or sexual crimes. In this psychiatric article it will be explained that the terms ??mental illness?? and also ??mental disorder?? must retain an empirical scientifically definable psychiatric content in order not to instigate deception. They must also be functionally defined in each judicial environment (police law, social law, civil law and criminal law) with respect to the capabilities of the individual which are impaired by the mental disorder. Such an approach could prevent a misuse of psychiatry for purely political security purposes. 相似文献
993.
Stefan H?fer Nicole Pfaffenberger Daniela Renn Marion Platter Lena Ring 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(1):81-90
To explore potential response shift effects with different quality of life (QoL) instruments in cardiac patients undergoing
coronary intervention. Study Design and Setting: Recalibration was assessed with the disease specific health-related quality
of life (HRQL) instrument MacNew in combination with a then-test approach. Reconceptualisation and reprioritisation were assessed
with the individualised QoL instrument SEIQoL-DW. Significant treatment effects were seen on the MacNew (global Δ: 0.6 ± 1.1,
p = 0.004) but not on the SEIQoL-DW (Δ: 3.3 ± 16, p = 0.37) 6 months after coronary intervention. No recalibration effect was found on the MacNew then-test, while with the SEIQOL-DW
potential response shift effects of reconceptualisation and reprioritisation were seen. For the first time response shift
effects were explored in cardiac patients undergoing coronary intervention. This study confirmed that there is a clinically
significant improvement in disease specific HRQL over time following successful coronary interventions. However, no treatment
effect was seen for individualised QoL with the SEIQoL-DW. This might be due to reconceptualisation and reprioritisation response
effects. Future studies need to focus on exploring response shift effects, and the interrelationship between its different
components, captured by different patient reported outcome instruments in larger patient groups undergoing coronary interventions. 相似文献
994.
Jennifer E. Swanberg Sharon P. McKechnie Mamta U. Ojha Jacquelyn B. James 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2011,79(3):613-624
The changing natures of both work and the lives of the U.S. workforce have created an array of challenges for organizations attempting to foster work engagement. To accommodate the work and family needs of an increasingly diverse workforce, many firms are offering flexible work solutions to employees. However, the distribution of these types of organizational resources is unequal, with workers in lower-wage hourly jobs having the least access to any form of flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of schedule control, as a form of flexible work practice, and work engagement among workers employed in hourly retail jobs. Authors tested a model whereby the relationship between schedule control and work engagement is mediated by schedule satisfaction and perceived supervisor support. A sample of 1343 full-time hourly retail workers was used to address the study's purpose. Hypothesized relationships were fully or partially supported. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
995.
Public understanding of climate change in the United States 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article considers scientific and public understandings of climate change and addresses the following question: Why is it that while scientific evidence has accumulated to document global climate change and scientific opinion has solidified about its existence and causes, U.S. public opinion has not and has instead become more polarized? Our review supports a constructivist account of human judgment. Public understanding is affected by the inherent difficulty of understanding climate change, the mismatch between people's usual modes of understanding and the task, and, particularly in the United States, a continuing societal struggle to shape the frames and mental models people use to understand the phenomena. We conclude by discussing ways in which psychology can help to improve public understanding of climate change and link a better understanding to action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
996.
Informed by the practice of code-switching or style-switching in linguistics, “bilingual therapeutics” is proposed as the
complementary integration of two evidence-based practices in psychotherapy: motivational interviewing (MI) and dialectical
behavior therapy (DBT). Unique features of MI and DBT are presented, current research of each practice is reviewed, and their
similarities and distinctions are discussed. It is proposed that fluency in both “languages” of MI and DBT may usher in a
new therapeutic perspective to enhance client case conceptualization, illuminate subtleties of the therapeutic process, and
foster more intentional and deliberate practitioners. Specifically, MI and DBT code-switching may help recruit and retain
clients in formal treatment (e.g.,”speaking” MI more prominently to prepare clients for 12-month standard DBT) and promote
consultation among therapists. The complementary integration of MI and DBT also suggests the emergence of a linguistic “third
space,” including “spirit as synthesis” and “improvisational dance.” 相似文献
997.
Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental
illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development. This article therefore focuses
on mental illness as well as on three core components of positive mental health: feelings of happiness and satisfaction with
life (emotional well-being), positive individual functioning in terms of self-realization (psychological well-being), and
positive societal functioning in terms of being of social value (social well-being). The two continua model holds that mental
illness and mental health are related but distinct dimensions. This model was studied on the basis of a cross-sectional representative
internet survey of Dutch adults (N = 1,340; 18–87 years). Mental illness was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory and mental health with the Mental Health
Continuum Short Form. It was found that older adults, except for the oldest-old, scored lower on psychopathological symptoms
and were less likely to be mentally ill than younger adults. Although there were fewer age differences for mental health,
older adults experienced more emotional, similar social and slightly lower psychological well-being. In sum, today’s older
adults have fewer mental illness problems, but they are not in a better positive mental health than today’s younger adults.
These findings support the validity of the two continua model in adult development. 相似文献
998.
C. U. Moulines 《Axiomathes》2010,20(2-3):255-268
In spite of the ‘experimental turn’ now fashionable in the philosophy of science, the question of the structure and identity criteria of scientific theories continues to be a central issue for the philosophical analysis of empirical science. We need a precise metatheory of empirical theories to deal with this issue. Metatheoretical structuralism appears to offer the most adequate approach in this sense so far. First, some basic intuitions about what empirical theories are, and how they are structured, are laid out. Then, the main notions used by metatheoretical structuralism to analyze theories are explained, and they are illustrated by applying them to an example of a simple physical theory. Finally, it is argued that the picture of the structure and identity of empirical theories coming out of structuralistic analysis adequately corresponds to the basic intuitions stated at the beginning. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Henriette Wallén Warner Türker Özkan Timo Lajunen 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2010,13(3):206-214
The aim of the present study was to examine if there are differences in drivers’ propensity to have different types of intelligent speed adaptation installed in their cars depending on the sample of drivers (i.e. Swedish or Turkish), their aberrant driving behaviours (i.e. violations and errors), and/or the technical solution used (i.e. speed limit information, advisory, supportive and intervening systems). A sample of 224 Swedish and 316 Turkish drivers completed a questionnaire including questions based on the driver behaviour questionnaire (DBQ) as well as questions about the drivers’ propensity to have different types of intelligent speed adaptation installed in their cars. The results showed that the Swedish sample of drivers was less positive than the Turkish sample of drivers towards having the advisory, supportive and intervening systems installed. Furthermore, drivers who frequently commit violations were less positive towards having any of these systems installed than were drivers who commit violations less frequently, while drivers who frequently make errors were more positive towards having the systems installed than were drivers who make errors less frequently. Both the Swedish and the Turkish sample of drivers were most positive towards having the speed limit information system installed, followed by the advisory system on second place, the supportive system on third place and lastly the intervening system on fourth place. 相似文献