阅读中自然学习生词的实验研究

本研究对儿童阅读时从语境中自然学习生词的过程及其多个影响因素进行了探讨。301名三、五年级小学生参加了实验。首先要求他们阅读文章,然后测验他们对文章中生词的知识。本研究在不同年级和能力的儿童中都发现了显著的自然学习效应。结果还表明,词的概念难度、词结构的语义透明度、语境线索强度和儿童课外阅读量对儿童的自然学习有重要影响。     

Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder: premorbid conditions and prodromal phase

This article focuses on the clinical onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), specifically addressing the age of onset, gradual and acute onset, and whether there are some types of premorbid conditions or a prodromal phase that predispose individuals to the onset of OCD. Clinical and epidemiological studies have come to different conclusions regarding age at onset as well as regarding differences between the sexes. Data gleaned from research to date have demonstrated a relationship between OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), although OCPD does not appear to be the more prevalent personality disorder among patients with OCD. Preliminary research has suggested that Axis I disorders may predispose individuals to OCD onset; however, the significance of this relationship remains to be clarified. Evidence of the association between OCD and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive syndrome suggests that these disorders lie on a continuum of severity, with some cases developing OCD while others do not.     

美国的反邪教运动(上)

20世纪70年代美国的宗教问题。1970年以来,美国的宗教出现若干倾向。自美国独立战争以来周期性的社会反抗浪潮,以及接踵而至、遍及全国的宗教复兴震荡着整个美国。全国范围的宗教复兴出现在70年代早期,之前是60年代的反抗浪潮:所有的人群,不论其是否宗教团体,都对宗教问题给予     

数学焦虑研究的认知取向

数学焦虑一直是心理学界研究和讨论的热点问题。本文主要从认知的角度对数学焦虑进行解释,并以此揭示数学焦虑的心理机制和思维规律。     

Improving spatial abilities through mindfulness: effects on the mental rotation task

In this study, we demonstrate a previously unknown finding that mindful learning can improve an individual’s spatial cognition without regard to gender differences. Thirty-two volunteers participated in the experiment. Baselines for spatial ability were first measured for the reaction time on the mental rotation task. Next, the participants were randomly assigned to either a mindful or mindless learning condition. After learning, the mental rotation task showed that those in the mindful learning condition responded faster than those in the mindless learning condition. This study provides promising evidence for applying mindful learning to education.     

Body image and self-esteem in adolescent ballet dancers.

Body-image disturbances and low self-esteem have been implicated in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. This study investigated self-perception of body and personality among adolescent ballet dancers in a cross-sectional survey. Two questionnaires assessing "my body right now" and "my personality right now," using semantic differentials were completed by 90 ballet school students and 156 controls. Adolescent female dancers (ages 13 to 17 years) scored higher than age-matched controls and 11- to 12-yr. old peers on Undesirability and Sensitivity for personality and Unattractiveness for body. For both subscales of personality, differences were also found between male and female dancers; female ballet students scored higher. Within the control group a difference could be found only for Sensitivity on which girls scored higher than boys. Male dancers did not differ from controls except for a lower score on the Body mass measure. Adolescent female dancers showed a distinct answering profile for 7 of 16 semantic differentials in each questionnaire implicating less favorable body image and self-esteem. Interventions focused particularly on enhancing self-esteem may be useful in the prevention of psychopathology in adolescent ballet dancers.     

Statistical properties of the rWG(J) index of agreement

L. R. James, R. G. Demaree, and G. Wolf (1984) introduced rWG(J) to estimate interrater agreement for a group. This index is calculated by comparing an observed group variance with an expected random variance. As researchers have gained experience using this index, several questions have arisen. What are the consequences of replacing values beyond the unit interval by 0? What is the dependence of rWG(J) on the group size? The authors' simulations show that a positive bias is caused by the truncation, but for large population values of rWG(J) it is negligible. Also, in this case, the group size has no effect on the expected value of rWG(J). For inference on rWG(J), researchers can exploit the availability of computers to simulate data from the hypothesized distribution and then compare the simulation results for rWG(J) with the actual values. In addition, it is shown how the bootstrap method can be used for comparing the indices of 2 groups.     

Conditioning of a discriminative drug stimulus: Overshadowing and blocking like procedures

Interactions between a drug discriminative stimulus ( D , 17.5 mg/kg of pentobarbital vs. N , saline) and exteroceptive stimulus conditions (light vs. dark) were examined in a T-maze, shock-escape task using conditioning procedures pertaining to the phenomena of "overshadowing" and "blocking". From an operational point of view, in the "overshadowing" procedure the stimulus compound is introduced from the outset of the training, whereas in the "blocking" procedure the stimuli components are introduced sequentially. When the compound discriminations were established, dose-generalization tests with various doses of pentobarbital (range 5.6–17.5 mg/kg) as well as saline (1 ml/kg) were carried out under both elements (light and dark) of the exteroceptive stimulus dimension. Prior training with drug ( D vs. N ) neutralized the potential influence of the exteroceptive dimension (light vs. dark); conversely training with the exteroceptive stimuli prior to the drug training accentuated the control over behavior by the visual stimuli. Dose-generalization results intermediate to those described above were observed in the group trained to discriminate the stimulus compound ( D plus light vs. N plus dark) from the outset of training. It may therefore be concluded that exteroceptive stimuli can compete with interoceptive drug stimuli for associative strength in the procedure used. Thus, the formal similarities between drug discriminative stimuli and more conventionally studied exteroceptive, sensory signals are furthered by the data.     

Differential effects of environmental enrichment on the open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats.

Early postweaning experience in an enriched environment had a greater influence on the open-field behavior and body weight of wild Norway rats than of their domestic counterparts. Genetic changes accompanying the domestication process may have reduced the relative impact of postweaning experience on the development of the domestic rat's response to changes in its environment.