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Pilots holding the Airline Transport Pilot certificate were surveyed about the seriousness of the alcohol problem in various areas of aviation and about the importance of a number of possible reasons why a pilot might drink and fly. They also rated a number of actions in terms of their potential effectiveness for reducing inappropriate alcohol use, and they evaluated a number of characteristics of employee-assistance programs. Respondents judged employee-assistance programs to be the best way to reduce problem drinking. They also identified areas in which currently available employee-assistance programs could be improved. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of life-span contextual variation on father-child relationships. Sixty families in which both parents were either younger than 26 or older than 29 when they began childbearing, and whose child was between the ages of 3 and 5 at the time of the study participated. Videotaped observations of father-child play were collected. Questionnaires were also administered to fathers, assessing their marital satisfaction, work-home compatibility, and social network attributes. Older fathers established stronger connections to extra-familial contexts and displayed greater reliance on verbal mechanisms to engage children during play. Younger fathers maintained a more traditional style of fathering and engaged their children through physical stimulation. The implications of these findings for models of father-child relationships were explored. 相似文献
215.
Lauren Braswell Gerald J. August Michael L. Bloomquist George M. Realmuto Stacy S. Skare Ross D. Crosby 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(3):197-208
First through fourth graders from 22 suburban elementary schools were screened for cross-setting disruptive behavior as eligibility criteria for participation in a longitudinal secondary prevention study aimed at reducing the risk for serious externalizing behavioral disorders. Three hundred nine subjects participated in either a multicomponent competence enhancement intervention (MCEI) or an information/attention control (IAC) condition over a 2-year period. Following baseline measurements, initial intervention effects were assessed at the end of intervention Year 1, at the beginning of intervention Year 2 (fall of the next school year), and at the end of intervention Year 2. Multisource assessments were not supportive of the efficacy of the MCEI over the IAC condition. Children in both groups rated themselves as improved over time in terms of increased adaptive skills and decreased school problems and internalizing symptoms. Teacher and parent ratings of externalizing behavior did not yield evidence of positive change, but teachers noted improved problem solving and observers noted a decrease in behavioral interference in both groups over time, possibly as a result of maturation. 相似文献
216.
The role of construal processes in overconfident predictions about the self and others 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Overconfident behavioral predictions and trait inferences may occur because people make inadequate allowance for the uncertainties of situational construal. In Studies 1-3, Ss estimated how much time or money they would spend in various hypothetical, incompletely specified situations. Ss then offered associated "confidence limits" under different "construal conditions". In Study 4, Ss made trait inferences about someone they believed had responded "deviantly"--again with situational details unspecified and construal conditions manipulated. In all 4 studies, Ss who made predictions or trait inferences without being able to assume the accuracy of their situational construals offered confidence limits no broader than those of Ss who made their responses contingent on such accuracy. Only in conditions where Ss were obliged to offer alternative construals did they appropriately broaden their confidence limits or weaken their trait inferences. 相似文献
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Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on questionnaire data obtained from 33 agoraphobic women and their husbands before and after intensive exposure in vivo for the agoraphobia. The dependent variable in the regression equation was treatment outcome as determined by changes in composite ratings of patients' two main phobias. On this criterion, patients improved by 64% immediately after treatment and by 69% 1 year later. The main predictors of treatment outcome were patients' pre-treatment levels of agoraphobic disability and of extrapunitiveness. The main pre-treatment predictors of change during follow-up were patients' levels of social fear, and of fears which suggested dependency problems. When post-treatment questionnaire responses were used to predict patients' phobia change during follow-up, husbands' scores contributed 50% to the variance. This finding, together with clinical observations, suggested that if husbands were unable to fully acknowledge the emotional impact upon themselves of rapid and substantial improvements in their wives, then they were unlikely to facilitate further phobia improvement in their wives during the first 6 months of follow-up. It was concluded that involvement of the husbands in their wives' therapy would increase the likelihood of continuing phobia improvement after treatment. 相似文献
220.
J F Ross S P Grossman 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1975,89(6):523-536
The afferent and efferent connections of the septum with the hippocampus (fornix) of with the hypothalamus and lower brain stem (medial forebrain bundle) were transected by means of an encephalotome near the point where these pathways enter or leave the septal area. A transection of the fornix that produced minimal direct damage to cellular components of the septum of hippocampus reproduced the effects of large septal lesions on responding in several temporally defined paradigms that involve periods of response suppression (differential reinforcement of low rates, discriminated Sidman avoidance, fixed interval). Transection of the medial forebrain bundle fibers that interconnect the septum with the hypothalamus and lower brain stem did not affect behavior in any of these paradigms. These observations should be veiwed in the context of the results of earlier investigations which demonstrated that transection of the medial forebrain bundle reproduces several other components of the septal lesion syndrome. 相似文献