孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力及情绪表情注意方式

研究探讨了孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力及情绪表情注意方式的特点。各选取15名孤独症儿童以及作为对照组的智力障碍儿童和普通儿童各15名, 完成情绪共情实验, 同时使用生物反馈仪记录自主生理反应, 眼动仪记录眼动轨迹。结果发现孤独症儿童对情绪表情的自动模仿及感知能力显著低于智力障碍儿童与普通儿童; 对面孔的总注视时间、总注视点数均显著少于智力障碍儿童、普通儿童; 对眼部、嘴部的注视时间比及注视点数比均显著低于普通儿童; 对高兴和悲伤表情的注意较多而对恐惧则较少。这提示孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力不足、对情绪表情的注意方式异常。     

边界弹性与工作-家庭冲突、增益的关系：基于人?环境匹配的视角

本研究从人?环境匹配理论的视角探讨工作和家庭边界弹性能力和边界弹性意愿对个体工作?家庭冲突和工作?家庭增益的交互影响。通过问卷法共获得494份有效数据, 基于多项式回归分析和反应曲面分析的结果表明：工作弹性能力与工作弹性意愿的匹配对工作→家庭冲突有显著的负向效应, 对工作→家庭增益无显著影响; 家庭弹性能力与家庭弹性意愿的匹配对家庭→工作冲突、家庭→工作增益有显著的负向效应。     

怀旧的触发、研究范式及测量

怀旧指的是个体怀念过去的事物、人物、地方甚至经历或感受。它大多与美好的记忆联系在一起, 并会带来积极的情绪体验, 但同时可能也会引起消极的情绪体验。怀旧对维持个体身心健康有一定的积极效用。本文着重介绍了怀旧的触发因素包括客观刺激的视觉、嗅觉、听觉及主观刺激的消极情绪与低温知觉, 分析了其研究范式有质化研究(内容分析与扎根理论)、量化研究(问卷调查与经验取样法)和实验研究(单因素随机实验设计与多因素实验设计), 并介绍了其相关的测量工具。未来研究要加强主动怀旧与被动怀旧、积极怀旧与消极怀旧的探讨; 整合各种研究范式与强化纵向的追踪研究; 以及要区分特质型怀旧与状态型怀旧。     

家庭支持型主管行为与双职工夫妻的婚姻满意感:一个积极溢出-交叉模型

为了揭示家庭支持型主管行为(FSSB)对双职工夫妻双方婚姻满意感的影响及作用机制,本研究结合资源-获取-发展观和基于关系支持的积极发展模型,从夫妻互动(相互支持)的角度构建了一个积极溢出-交叉模型。运用结构方程模型对370对双职工夫妻配对数据进行分析,结果表明:(1)FSSB与我国双职工夫妻双方的婚姻满意感均正相关;(2)FSSB可通过增加员工的工作-家庭增益促进员工夫妻间相互支持的互惠效应,进而提升员工夫妻双方的婚姻满意感;(3)夫妻双方所获得的FSSB均可通过促进丈夫的婚姻满意感进而提升妻子的婚姻满意感。本研究提示,增加FSSB能有效促进双职工夫妻间的相互支持、提升夫妻双方的婚姻满意感。     

Important Elements of Aftercare Services for Youth Departing Group Homes

Aftercare services have been suggested to improve the outcomes of youth who depart group homes. The purpose of this study was to collect views from social service agency leaders about the aftercare supports they believed were most important for youth departing group homes. This project used a survey method and gathered views from 38 agency leaders who were 28–66 years of age, with an average of 21 years of experience working with residential care programs in 23 states across the United States. Participants ranked seven support domains (i.e., family, education, mental health, relationships, physical health, safety, and independent living) and rated 56 specific aftercare supports based on importance for youth who were departing group homes and returning to their homes/schools prior to high school graduation. Results suggested family, safety, and mental health supports were the most important domains of support for aftercare. Specific aftercare items that were rated critically important included support for self-harm/suicidal thoughts, accessing mental health services, coping with trauma, and managing medication for behavior/mental health. Tables are provided for the complete list of 56 specific support ratings. The findings are summarized and limitations are discussed. Also included are the implications the findings could have regarding future research on the design of aftercare services.     

What is Working,What is Not,and What We Need to Know: a Meta-Analytic Review of Business Ethics Instruction

Requirements for business ethics education and organizational ethics trainings mark an important step in encouraging ethical behavior among business students and professionals. However, the lack of specificity in these guidelines as to how, what, and where business ethics should be taught has led to stark differences in approaches and content. The present effort uses meta-analytic procedures to examine the effectiveness of current approaches across organizational ethics trainings and business school courses. to provide practical suggestions for business ethics interventions and research. Thus, the primary questions driving this research are as follows: (1) what course characteristics moderate the effectiveness of ethics instruction?, and (2) have ethics education and training efforts improved? Findings suggest that professional, focused, and workshop-based training programs are especially effective for improving business ethics. However, results also reveal considerable problems with many of the criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of business ethics interventions. Practical suggestions for course design and evaluation in business ethics efforts are discussed along with future research needs.     

冰毒使用者抑制控制的损伤、可逆性及干预策略

冰毒使用的危害日益凸显,受到社会的普遍关注。行为、认知和脑功能的研究结果一致表明:长期的冰毒使用会导致使用者的抑制控制受损,包含一般抑制控制损伤以及药物相关线索条件下的损伤。这些损伤与前额脑区的异常密切相关,对冰毒使用者的行为和认知能力产生不良影响。目前,这些损伤只能部分恢复,因此,改善冰毒使用者抑制控制的干预策略成为热点。未来研究可以从不同药物成瘾者的差异性、多药物使用模式以及有区别的运动干预等方面对冰毒使用者的抑制控制损伤进行深入研究。     

服务学习促进大学生批判性思维的干预研究

采用准实验设计教学干预,将75名心理学专业本科生分为实验组(n=54)和对照组(n=21),实验组进行为期10周的结构化服务学习活动(每周2小时),对照组给予匹配任务(文献阅读和翻译总结)。采用反思日志中的开放性问题和非服务学习领域的结构不良情景问题为测验材料,利用自编的问题解决中的批判性思维表现编码表,对服务学习活动前后和过程中相关材料进行编码,探讨服务学习中服务组学生批判性思维的变化及其在非服务学习领域结构不良问题解决中的迁移效果。结果表明服务学习对大学生的批判性思维表现具有显著促进作用,主要体现在方案改进维度上,这种促进作用可以迁移到非服务学习领域问题解决的批判性思维表现中。     

Learning nonadjacent dependencies: no need for algebraic-like computations

Is it possible to learn the relation between 2 nonadjacent events? M. Pena, L. L. Bonatti, M. Nespor, and J. Mehler (2002) claimed this to be possible, but only in conditions suggesting the involvement of algebraic-like computations. The present article reports simulation studies and experimental data showing that the observations on which Pena et al. grounded their reasoning were flawed by deep methodological inadequacies. When the invalid data are set aside, the available evidence fits exactly with the predictions of a theory relying on ubiquitous associative mechanisms. Because nonadjacent dependencies are frequent in natural language, this reappraisal has far-reaching implications for the current debate on the need for rule-based computations in human adaptation to complex structures.     

Emotional correlates of the different dimensions of schizotypal personality disorder

Two studies explored which different dimensions of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) were associated with negative affect, attention to emotions, clarity of emotions, and emotional intensity/instability. Study 1 included 247 college students, and questionnaires were used to measure SPD. Study 2 included 225 community residents, oversampling for individuals with elevated levels of SPD, and semistructured diagnostic interviews were used to measure SPD. In both studies (a) higher levels of negative affect were associated with higher levels of both cognitive-perceptual and interpersonal symptoms, (b) cognitive-perceptual disturbances were associated with greater attention to emotion, whereas interpersonal disturbances were associated with less attention to emotion, and (c) lower levels of emotional clarity were associated with higher levels of suspiciousness.