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81.
Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Heather L. Gray Tamarra Dupart Daniel Jimenez Larry W. Thompson 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(4):286-303
This study enrolled 184 middle-aged and older women (95 Non-Hispanic White and 89 Hispanic/Latino) who provided in-home hands-on
care to an elderly relative with Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia. Within ethnic group they were randomly assigned
to either a CBT-based small group intervention program called “Coping with Caregiving” (CWC) that taught a variety of cognitive
and behavioral skills to reduce stress and depression, or to a minimal telephone based control condition (TSC). Intervention
lasted about 4 months; one post-treatment assessment was completed 6 months after baseline by interviewers blind to the intervention
condition. Interviews and interventions were conducted in English or Spanish by trained staff. Results indicated that those
in the CWC (regardless of ethnicity) showed greater improvement from pre to post intervention than those in the TSC on measures
of depressive symptoms, overall life stress, and caregiving-specific stress. In order to investigate if these changes may
have been related to one proposed mechanism of change in CBT (skill utilization), a new measure was constructed. Change in
frequency of use and perceived helpfulness of adaptive coping skills were assessed in all caregivers. Results indicated that
caregivers in CWC reported greater frequency of use, and greater perceived helpfulness, of these skills at post intervention
compared to caregivers in the TSC. Improvement measured by dependent measures was correlated with an increase in these indices
for those in the CWC. Tests for mediation suggest that effective skill utilization may mediate the effect of treatment on
outcome. Implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations provided for future research. 相似文献
82.
The present study was designed to explore the effects of warned and unwarned demand transitions in vigilance on performance and self-reported stress. Twenty observers (10 women and 10 men) were assigned at random to each of six conditions resulting from the factorial combination of signal salience (high and low salience signals) and switching (no switch, switch with warning, and switch without warning). Performance metrics and self-reported stress state (Task Engagement, Distress, and Worry) were collected. While demand transitions did destabilize subsequent performance, increasing intra-individual variability, overall performance efficiency was uninfluenced by either switching or warning. Demand transitions, whether warned or not, increased self-reported distress. A dynamic model of performance stress may be necessary and research employing vigilance tasks in the future may be useful for developing this performance-stress model. 相似文献
83.
We hypothesized that frequency and quality of deception influences how people perceive those who lie to them and that people subsequently increase deceptive behavior as a consequence of being lied to. In Study 1, participants were covertly videotaped conversing with a partner. Following the conversation, participants evaluated partners, and partners reviewed the videotape, identifying deceptions that they told. Findings indicated that partner’s frequency of deception was inversely related to likeability. In Study 2, participants watched a videotape of a confederate who appeared to produce one or four exaggerated or minimized lies, and then evaluated the confederate. Participants and confederates subsequently engaged in a conversation. When participants witnessed either one exaggerated lie, one or four minimal lies, or no lies they trusted and liked the confederate more than when witnessing four exaggerated lies. Moreover, participants increased their own use of deception as a function of the severity and quantity of confederate’s lies. 相似文献
84.
Gibson BM Wilks TJ Kelly DM 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2007,121(2):130-144
To navigate efficiently, a traveler must establish a heading using a frame of reference. A large body of evidence has indicated that humans and a variety of nonhuman animals utilize the geometry, or shape, of enclosed spaces as a frame of reference to determine their heading. An important and yet unresolved question is whether shape information from arrays of discrete objects and enclosed environments are represented, and utilized, in the same way. In the present study, rats were presented with a reference memory task in which they had to find water that was hidden in 1 of 4 discrete and unique objects placed at the vertices of a rectangle. The results indicate that rats could utilize both feature and geometry cues to locate the hidden goal. The rats' performance declined during transformation tests using a triangular array, indicating that the rats may have encoded the primary axis of the object array, rather than local cues, to direct their search. 相似文献
85.
It is widely accepted that the self-system is dynamic and consists of multiple selves that emerge under different contexts. The present research describes two types of diverging self-conceptions, the idealistic and pragmatic selves. Building on a synthesis of construal level theory with research on the self, we propose that a more distal time perspective activates an idealistic versus a pragmatic self. Self-activation, in turn, influences the preference between two major motives: maximizing identity versus instrumental benefits. A series of five studies supported this conceptualization by demonstrating that: (a) distal rather than proximal time perspective enhances the preference for identity over instrumental benefits; (b) people construe themselves as relatively more idealistic than pragmatic when primed with a distal than proximal time perspective, and (c) self-activation mediates the effect of time perspective on preference. The studies also investigate boundary conditions and process measures that shed light on the interface between time, self, and preference. The final section discusses the theoretical implications for the literatures on construal level, self, and justice and the practical implications for organizational behavior, political psychology, and human decision-making. 相似文献
86.
To understand how and why people tolerate ongoing social and economic inequality, we conducted two studies investigating the hypothesis that system justification is associated with reduced emotional distress and a lack of support for helping the disadvantaged. In Study 1, we found that the endorsement of a system-justifying ideology was negatively associated with moral outrage, existential guilt, and support for helping the disadvantaged. In Study 2, the induction of a system-justification mind-set through exposure to "rags-to-riches" narratives decreased moral outrage, negative affect, and therefore intentions to help the disadvantaged. In both studies, moral outrage (outward-focused distress) was found to mediate the dampening effect of system justification on support for redistribution, whereas existential guilt (Study 1) or negative affect in general (Study 2; inward-focused distress) did not. Thus, system-justifying ideology appears to undercut the redistribution of social and economic resources by alleviating moral outrage. 相似文献
87.
ABSTRACT— Greater group identification and higher levels of procedural justice typically work together to encourage group members to engage in group-serving cooperative behavior. However, when people who already identify with a group receive information indicating that the group is procedurally unjust, their motivation to engage in group-serving behavior may increase. This article reports two studies in which college students' identification with their university was measured and information about the procedural justice of the university was manipulated. Study 1 used an explicit measure of group identification and a deliberative measure of group-serving behavior. Study 2 used an implicit measure of group identification and both deliberative and spontaneous measures of group-serving behavior. The findings of both studies support the hypothesis that among people who are highly identified with a group, learning about the group's injustice leads to short-term increases in group-serving behavior. 相似文献
88.
Category learning theorists tacitly assume that stimuli are encoded by a single pathway. Motivated by theories of object recognition,
we evaluated a dual-pathway account of stimulus encoding. The part-based pathway establishes mappings between sensory input
and symbols that encode discrete stimulus features, whereas the image-based pathway applies holistic templates to sensory
input. Our experiments used rule-plus-exception structures, in which one exception item in each category violates a salient
regularity and must be distinguished from other items. In Experiment 1, we found discrete representations to be crucial for
recognition of exceptions following brief training. Experiments 2 and 3 involved multisession training regimens designed to
encourage either part- or image-based encoding. We found that both pathways are able to support exception encoding, but have
unique characteristics. We speculate that one advantage of the part-based pathway is the ability to generalize across domains,
whereas the image-based pathway provides faster and more effortless recognition. 相似文献
89.
90.
E. Tyler Graham Author Vitae 《Religion》2007,37(1):26-38
The purpose of this article is to shed light on an ambiguity in Émile Durkheim's theory of social effervescence. Durkheim's failure to distinguish two kinds of effervescence at the heart of the religious rite has left a dangerous legacy in the study of religion. If his work is read, however, in light of René Girard's theory of the violent origins of religion, his analysis of la société can retain the distinction between the effervescence of the crowd in scapegoating and the effervescence of protecting the victims of scapegoating. This thesis is tested by briefly comparing some contemporary essays on Durkheim. 相似文献