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61.
We introduce a theory of blame in five parts. Part 1 addresses what blame is: a unique moral judgment that is both cognitive and social, regulates social behavior, fundamentally relies on social cognition, and requires warrant. Using these properties, we distinguish blame from such phenomena as anger, event evaluation, and wrongness judgments. Part 2 offers the heart of the theory: the Path Model of Blame, which identifies the conceptual structure in which blame judgments are embedded and the information processing that generates such judgments. After reviewing evidence for the Path Model, we contrast it with alternative models of blame and moral judgment (Part 3) and use it to account for a number of challenging findings in the literature (Part 4). Part 5 moves from blame as a cognitive judgment to blame as a social act. We situate social blame in the larger family of moral criticism, highlight its communicative nature, and discuss the darker sides of moral criticism. Finally, we show how the Path Model of Blame can bring order to numerous tools of blame management, including denial, justification, and excuse. 相似文献
62.
Learning about the structure of the world requires learning probabilistic relationships: rules in which cues do not predict outcomes with certainty. However, in some cases, the ability to track probabilistic relationships is a handicap, leading adults to perform non‐normatively in prediction tasks. For example, in the dilution effect, predictions made from the combination of two cues of different strengths are less accurate than those made from the stronger cue alone. Here we show that dilution is an adult problem; 11‐month‐old infants combine strong and weak predictors normatively. These results extend and add support for the less is more hypothesis: limited cognitive resources can lead children to represent probabilistic information differently from adults, and this difference in representation can have important downstream consequences for prediction. 相似文献
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64.
Alyssa J. Banford Matthew D. Brown Scott A. Ketring Ty R. Mansfield 《The American journal of family therapy》2013,41(1):84-96
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the presence of substance abuse, physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and mental illness in the home or family-of-origin is predictive of variance in current family violence perpetration. Additionally, a secondary purpose of this study was to examine whether mental health symptom distress and attachment style mediated the relationship between the presence of traumatic experiences in one's family-of-origin and current family violence perpetration. The results suggested that difficult family-of-origin experiences may predict variance in current family violence indirectly through mental health symptom distress and anxious attachment. 相似文献
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66.
Will S. Monroe 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(4):510-514
67.
Ralph E. Tarter Levent Kirisci Ty Ridenour Michael Vanyukov 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(4):272-278
A prospective investigation was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of internalizing and externalizing traits measured at ages
10–12 for predicting a DSM-IV diagnosis of cannabis use disorder manifest by age 22. The sample consisted of 189 boys rated
on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by their biological mothers. The results indicated that externalizing but not internalizing
disturbance was a significant predictor of cannabis use disorder. Moreover, a construct capturing their common variance did
not predict cannabis use disorder better than externalizing behavior alone. 相似文献
68.
Kennedy KM Partridge T Raz N 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2008,15(2):165-183
Aging is associated with reduced performance on information processing speed, memory, and executive functions tasks. Although older adults are also less apt in acquiring new perceptual-motor skills, it is unclear whether and how skill acquisition difficulties are associated with age-related general cognitive differences. We addressed this question by examining structural relations among measures of cognitive resources (working memory) and indices of perceptual-motor skill acquisition (pursuit rotor and mirror tracing) in 96 healthy adults aged 19-80 years of age. Three competing structural models were tested: a single (common) factor model, a dual correlated factors model, and a hierarchical dual-factor model. The third model provided the best fit to the data, indicating age differences in simple perceptual-motor skill are partially mediated by more complex abilities. 相似文献
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Ridenour TA Cottler LB Robins LN Compton WM Spitznagel EL Cunningham-Williams RM 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2002,111(1):144-155
DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder diagnosis requires that conduct disorder be exhibited before age 15. However, recent studies have reported on men and women without conduct disorder before age 15 but qualified for the adulthood antisocial personality criterion (AAB). This general-population, retrospective study investigated the plausibility of causal relationships between adolescent drug and alcohol misuse (ADAM) and AAB among subgroups who reported childhood-onset conduct problems (CP), adolescent-onset CP, or no more than one conduct problem. Data from the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study (N = 8,724) suggested that persons with childhood-onset CP are at much greater risk for AAB than persons with adolescent-onset CP. Nevertheless, large proportions of men and women with AAB had adolescent-onset CP or no CP. Regardless of CP history, being drunk by age 18 or having a drug use-related symptom before age 18 increased AAB risk, even after controlling for having a substance use-related disorder in adulthood. Mechanisms that potentially explain these associations are discussed. 相似文献