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231.
232.
Craske MG Lang AJ Rowe M DeCola JP Simmons J Mann C Yan-Go F Bystritsky A 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2002,111(1):53-62
This study examined the role of presleep attributions about physiological events during sleep in nocturnal panic attacks. Patients who regularly experienced nocturnal panic were physiologically monitored as audio signals were presented during sleep. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: expected, in which signals of intense physiological changes were expected; unexpected, in which signals of intense physiological changes were not expected; or control, involving distinctly different signals unrelated to physiological responses. The unexpected condition led to substantially more self-reported distress and panic attacks. The experimental conditions did not elicit different autonomic reactions, but those who panicked showed stronger physiological responses than those who did not panic. The findings are consistent with a cognitive model of nocturnal panic attacks. 相似文献
233.
Effects of reinforcer magnitude on responding under differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedules of rats and pigeons
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Experiment I investigated the effects of reinforcer magnitude on differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule performance in three phases. In Phase 1, two groups of rats (n = 6 and 5) responded under a DRI. 72-s schedule with reinforcer magnitudes of either 30 or 300 microl of water. After acquisition, the water amounts were reversed for each rat. In Phase 2, the effects of the same reinforcer magnitudes on DRL 18-s schedule performance were examined across conditions. In Phase 3, each rat responded unider a DR1. 18-s schedule in which the water amotnts alternated between 30 and 300 microl daily. Throughout each phase of Experiment 1, the larger reinforcer magnitude resulted in higher response rates and lower reinforcement rates. The peak of the interresponse-time distributions was at a lower value tinder the larger reinforcer magnitude. In Experiment 2, 3 pigeons responded under a DRL 20-s schedule in which reinforcer magnitude (1-s or 6-s access to grain) varied iron session to session. Higher response rates and lower reinforcement rates occurred tinder the longer hopper duration. These results demonstrate that larger reinforcer magnitudes engender less efficient DRL schedule performance in both rats and pigeons, and when reinforcer magnitude was held constant between sessions or was varied daily. The present results are consistent with previous research demonstrating a decrease in efficiency as a function of increased reinforcer magnituide tinder procedures that require a period of time without a specified response. These findings also support the claim that DRI. schedule performance is not governed solely by a timing process. 相似文献
234.
Jerry Gold 《Journal of Psychotherapy Integration》2000,10(2):207-219
The phenomenon of the patient as active change agent is a critically important, but new and understudied one. This paper attempts to explore and to illustrate with clinical examples the psychodynamic foundations of the patient's activity. The concept of an active episode on the part of the patient is introduced and defined. The paper illustrates the ways that active episodes of self-change on the part of the patient can determine the outcome of psychoanalytic therapy. 相似文献
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Bleckley MK Durso FT Crutchfield JM Engle RW Khanna MM 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2003,10(4):884-889
To the extent that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) reflect differences in attention (Baddeley, 1993;
Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999), differences in WMC should predict performance on visual attention tasks. Individuals who scored
in the upper and lower quartiles on the OSPAN working memory test performed a modification of Egly and Homa’s (1984) selective
attention task. In this task, the participants identified a central letter and localized a displaced letter flashed somewhere
on one of three concentric rings. When the displaced letter occurred closer to fixation than the cue implied, high-WMC, but
not low-WMC, individuals showed a cost in the letter localization task. This suggests that low-WMC participants allocated
attention as a spotlight, whereas those with high WMC showed flexible allocation. 相似文献
239.
An experiment was conducted to examine the change in the relation between programming and "on-line" correction as a developmental explanation of children's arm movement performance. Each of 54 children in three age groups (5, 8, and 10 yr.) completed two types of rapid aiming arm movements in the longitudinal plane on the surface of a digitizer. Percent primary submovements and timing variability were dependent variables. Analysis suggested that the 5-yr.-olds used "on-line" monitoring during the arm movement and did not perform the movement sequence as a functional unit. Compared with 8- and 10-yr.-olds, the 5-yr.-olds planned a smaller portion of movements, executed the arm movements with more variability in time to peak velocity. The 8- and 10-yr.-olds appeared to plan their movements and execute the sequence as a unit. The developmental implications were discussed. 相似文献
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